Kew York Agricultueal Experiment Station. 259 



all the stages of regeneration as well as of the dying of the most 

 severely injured bark, will make these matters clearer, and show in 

 more detail how dead or canker-like areas like those shown in figure B 

 on Plate V and figure C of Plate XVIII, develop on many fruit and 

 shade trees. 



Quite often the injury on shade trees is also chiefly localized at the 

 crown, as it most frequently is on crown-rotted fruit trees. Numerous 

 street trees in this city, especially maples along windy streets and 

 those at windy street corners, have decayed areas of bark or exposed 

 dead wood at the crown, like the ones shown in Plates XXIV and 

 XXV. The trees shown in figure C of Plate XXV and figure A of 

 Plate XXVII failed to leaf out in 1912. Both also had large dead 

 places just opposite the ones visible on the plates. Sometimes the in- 

 jury occurs at the main crotches instead of at the ground or on stems 

 between roots and branches, as shown on Plate XXVI, which is of a 

 maple on an east and west street and has an injury on the east side. 

 But in cases of this kind the side to be injured seems usually to be 

 determined by the method of branching, just as the distribution of 

 the upper roots seems to determine the place of injury when it occurs 

 in the region of the root-crotches or crowns, as noted above regarding 

 the localization of crown-rot of fruit trees. But, as will be seen later, 

 when bark injuries result on that portion of the stems between the 

 roots and branches they more constantly occur on the same side of all 

 trees in a given locality, and without regard to the distribution of 

 roots and branches. Usually trees along streets running east and 

 west are more often injured. When both sides of the street are 

 closely built up the injury is nearly always on the west side of the 

 trees, but in very severe cases on the opposite side also. On streets 

 rumiing north and south which are rather windy, the injured places 

 are on the south and north sides of the trees when both sides of the 

 street are built up, but usually on the southwest side when the west 

 side of the street is not built up. The injured trees in the east and 

 west streets are more numerous than in the north and south ones. 

 In other words, it seems as though the severity and direction of the 

 winds have some relation to the occurrence of the injury. 



The park referred to above, in which so many maples were injured 

 during the winter of 1909-10, is located on a height of land at the 

 northwest edge of the city and is notorious for its severe west and 

 southwest winter winds. The trees were firmly rooted in heavy deep 

 soil, and were far enough apart to have sufficient room for rapid 

 growth. From cross-sections it is readily seen that growth had been 

 very good. 



A Trumanshurg orchard. — A short distance northeast from Tru- 

 mansburg, not far from the west shore of Cayuga lake, is a small 

 apple orchard which is shielded from the north winds by a large 

 peach orchard but has no protection on the west and south. The 

 soil is a clay loam, with gravelly subsoil, and contains much humus. 



