262 Eepokt of the Botanical DErARXMENT of the 



only the periderm with some adhering green cortical parenchyma was 

 loose. The loose patches of bark were mostly on the west, north- 

 west, and southwest sides, and their length or vertical extension 

 usually exceeded that of the clefts bj^ 3 to 10 cm., i. e., it seemed that 

 the formation of radial clefts in the bark need not necessarily accom- 

 pany tangential ones or bark loosening. 



These trees were of the Baldwin variety and had been set 2 years; 

 the rows alternated with rows of Bartlett pears, set the same length 

 of time. About 80 per ct. of the pear trees had become severely 

 winter-injured. The soil is a sandy loam, lies rather high in a com- 

 paratively flat country with no wdnd protection on the west. The 

 orchard had been cultivated and cropped to cabbages, tomatoes, etc. 



Diagonally across the road to the northeast of this orchard is a 

 smaller Bartlett pear orchard of the same age, condition and culture; 

 but which has a dense old apple orchard on its east side. The bark 

 of quite a number of the pear tree trunks and larger branches was 

 blackened on the west side. But only about 20 per ct. of them were 

 severely injured. Along the east side of the above old apple orchard 

 is another two-year-old Bartlett pear orchard under the same cultural 

 and soil conditions but having only about 1 to 2 per ct. of the trees 

 severely winter-injured, and nearly all of those were in the south end 

 of the orchard which extends some 50 meters farther south than the 

 apple orchard, along the east side of a barn lot. The most severely 

 injured trees were in the portion of this southern extension just east 

 of the gap between the old apple orchard and the barn. 



There seems to be no doubt but that the direction of very high 

 winds at certain times during the winter has a relation to the pro- 

 duction and therefore to the localization of this type of winter-injury 

 as well as to the tj^e resulting in crowm-rot. In this case both types 

 of injury probably occurred sometime between the first of November, 

 1910, and the middle of January, 1911; for at the time of the last field 

 work in late October no such injuries were found about Geneva and a 

 number of other places visited during the latter part of the month. 

 The detailed discussion of these injuries can more profitably be taken 

 up in connection wdth the histological studies of crown-rot. 



On April 4 another visit was made to the Medina orchards to study 

 the further development or changes that had taken place in the 

 winter-injured trees. The clefts in the loose bark of the Baldwin trees 

 mentioned above had become slightly longer and considerably wider. 

 In two instances the bark had died over about one-half the loosened area, 

 amounting to about a fourth of the circumference of the tree, but inmost 

 cases the loose bark was yet living to within about 2 mm. of the radial 

 cleftsandwithbut very little additional browning on its inner side. But 

 the wood of the stems exposed by the clefts had become more browned. 

 The fruit grower was advised to remove all the loose bark with a 

 sharp knife by cutting it out at right angles to the surface, and then 



