New Yokk Agkicultural Experiment Station. 263 



covering the exposed wood with grafting wax. While removing the 

 bark it was found that in cases where it had been in close contact 

 with the wood, the latter was often stained dark on the surface of 

 contact with the bark. 



Two of the Bartlett pear trees along the road were also found to 

 have patches of loose ba.rk to the extent of about a third the circum- 

 ference and 5 to 10 cm. high on the west side of the trunk, at the sur- 

 face of the ground. One of the injured trees had a loose, tin sleeve 

 about 35 cm. high, surrounding the basal end of its trunk as a pro- 

 tection from rodents. The bark had not only died about the narrow 

 clefts, but nearly all of it that was loose had died and the wood under- 

 neath had become stained black to the depth of about a miUimeter. 



Some Geneva orchards. — About a mile west of Geneva is a small 

 young apple orchard, set 5 years to alternate trees of the Bismarck 

 and Baldwin varieties. The orchard is just south of an east and 

 west road in a slight depression which drains to the north, and just 

 east of a farmhouse and numerous other windbreaks. However, 

 there is no windbreak on the northwest, or on the north side of the 

 road where the land is lower. The orchard was cultivated every 

 year and the trees had grown very rapidly. Conical mounds of soil, 

 to the height of about 15 cm., had been heaped about the crown 

 of the trees in the fall of 1910, and left there until the latter part of 

 April, 1911. 



When the orchard was examined on May 6, 1911, for winter- 

 injury four trees (1 Baldwin and 3 Bismarck) were found having loose 

 patches of bark on their stems just above the ground. Two of the 

 Bismarck variety had only the periderm with some adhering cortical 

 parenchyma loosened on the west side over an area extending about 

 one-third round the trunk and 10 to 15 cm. high. On removal of 

 the dead periderm the exposed cortical parenchyma had a very 

 uneven, corky surface; and at the line of radial rupture of the peri- 

 derm the bark had died practically to the wood. On a Baldwin and 

 on a Bismarck tree some bark was loosened on the northwest and east 

 sides, beginning above the ground and extending upward. The 

 loosened patches were cleft longitudinally, nearly their entire length. 

 The edges of the cleft bark stood several millimeters apart in the 

 middle and were much browned. The wood exposed through tlie 

 crack and that immediately under the edges of the bark was also 

 brown and dead on the surface; but back under the loose bark it had 

 a white glistening surface with a sprinkling of small brownish specks 

 somewhat unequally distributed. The inner side of the bark had a 

 similar appearance in the case of the Bismarck tree. 



The above Baldwin tree with loose bark had a cleft about 6 cm. 

 long on the northwest side and stood open about 4 mm. A crescent- 

 shaped piece of the loose bark 5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide in the middle 

 had died and become dry on the south side of the cleft, but along the 



