268 Repoet of the Botanical Department of the 



dead bark just above the ground. A number of the old wounds sur- 

 rounded by rolls of callus were in evidence. A few of the trees were 

 injured in the winter of 1910-11. In these instances, which were 

 not very severe, the loose bark seemed to be dying out to the very 

 limits of the injured areas. 



Some Clyde orchards. — On the northwest edge of the village of 

 Clyde are some apple orchards that were also injured in the winter 

 of 1910-11. The most severely affected one consists of about 8 acres 

 which had been set 4 years to Baldwin and Greening. The orchard 

 lies east and west across the crest of a north and south hill. The 

 east end of the orchard seems to be shielded from north and west 

 winds by the crest of the hill and a house and trees respectively; 

 but the middle and western portions are fully exposed to the wind. 

 The soil is a hght, clay loam, with a gravelly subsoil. It 

 had been heaped about the trees over winter and removed in 

 spring. The eastern part of the orchard has richer soil than the 

 central and western part; and as a result the trees were appreciably 

 larger in the eastern part. 



On June 3, when the orchard was first visited, about 20 per ct. 

 of the trees had moie or less dying bark on the stems. Perhaps 

 three-fourths of the injured ones were Baldwin. There were as 

 many injured trees in the east half as in the west half of the orchard, 

 although the former was less exposed to the wind. 



Many of the affected trees were completely girdled and a few of 

 them could be distinguished at some distance by a slight yellowish 

 tint of their foliage. Those with a bridge of living bark as wide as 

 one-eighth of the circumference looked normal in every other respect. 

 When the injured or loosened area of bark on a tree consisted of not 

 more than half the circumference it was usually confined to the 

 southwest side of the trunk. 



The injured places began from 3 to 8 cm. above ground and ex- 

 tended up the stem from 7 to 18 cm.; but most commonly about 

 11 cm. The dead or dying bark was usually cleft in a number of 

 places, and in cases of complete girdling much irregular callus growth 

 had developed on the trunk over areas where the loose bark was not 

 cleft. By turning to Plate IX the matter is more readily under- 

 stood. Figure A shows a typical example in which much regenera- 

 tion had occurred on the wood surface where it is covered by the old, 

 dead bark; while at the cleft no growth had resulted. In comparing 

 it with figure B, from which the loose bark had been removed, the 

 regenerated part is even more prominent. There were two narrower 

 clefts on the other or northeast side of the trunk. The figures also 

 show that the removal of all dead and dying bark included some 

 above and below the clefts which was not actually loose, but which 

 was discolored to a dark brown in the phloem region. The wood 

 underneath the discolored and partially live bark had also become 



