New Yokk Agricultural Experiment Station. 269 



stained to the depth of several miHimeters. Another and more 

 striking illustration of this is shown in figures C and D which are 

 also of a tree trunk before and after removing the dead and dying 

 bark. In this case the bark was dying as much as several decimeters 

 above the externally visible injury and the wood underneath was 

 much discolored, apparently by the diffusion into it of some oxidizing 

 agent coming from the disorganizing phloem. Figure E shows an 

 instance where the cleft on the southwest side was uncommonly 

 long; i. e., where it had apparently extended to the full length of the 

 bark injury. As may be noticed, the area over which regeneration 

 from the wood resulted is correspondingly long. Although this tree 

 had a much longer girdle of cleft, loose bark than those shown in 

 figures A and C, more regeneration resulted and practically no addi- 

 tional bark was found discolored in the phloem, and no staining of 

 the wood occurred with the exception of the superficial layers. And 

 what is more interesting, the foliage of this and other similarly in- 

 jured trees was of normal color, while those with much stained wood 

 could be detected by the yellowish tint of their foliage. 



Another thing noticeable from these figures is that some regenera- 

 tion had occurred over practically the whole wood surface where 

 the bark was completely separated but yet remained as a protecting 

 cover, while above and below the places of complete separation the 

 bark was usually more or less discolored in the phloem region and 

 the underlying wood stained. That is, actual separation of the 

 bark did not appear to be as harmful to the tree as a certain amount 

 of injury in the phloem when the bark luas left on. But in cases where 

 the tree was not completely girdled the disorganization in the phloem 

 of partially loosened bark, was not so marked; and the staining of the 

 underlying wood less extensive. 



The orchardist was advised to cut off all girdled trees, remove all 

 loose or injured bark from the less injured ones, and cover the 

 exposed wood with grafting wax or paint. Figures A and C on Plate 

 X and figure A on Plate XI show some of the typical results as they 

 appeared August 3, 1911. Figure B on Plate X is one of the sprouts 

 grown on a Baldwin stump. Grafting wax had been used to cover 

 the exposed wood. The wax seems to loosen from the margins of the 

 wood and frequently crack open; no doubt some tar paint is better 

 to cover dead wood surfaces, as may be seen from the results 

 obtained in the above Weedsport orchard. 



On a neighboring bleak clay hill is a very small mixed orchard of 

 Ben Davis apples and peach trees, set 8 years. At the time of the 

 first visit in June, 1911, a number of winter-injured Ben Davis trees 

 were found in this orchard. There were perhaps 2 dozen apple trees 

 in the orchard, very large and thrifty in appearance. The bases 

 of the trunks had been incased in veneer protectors about 4.5 dm. 

 high which were still on the trees. On removal of the protectors 5 

 of the trees were found to have areas of partially loose and decaying 



