J^EW York Agricultural Experime>:t Station. 287 



very dark brown on the outside, and the pieces of apple had a rusty- 

 brown color throughout except around the calyx end, where there 

 was still some normal colored tissue. The pieces of potato in water 

 were almost as much discolored as those in air; and those in the 

 lower alcohols seemed to have a very faint muddy-yellow discolora- 

 tion. About a week later the pieces in the alcohols from 15 to 70 

 per ct. had all changed to a light brown or black color, while those 

 in 80 per ct. were but slightly discolored. The pieces in 95 per ct. and 

 absolute alcohol, and in 2 per ct. formalin had remained unchanged. 



Crotch and other bark injuries observed in Madison orchards. — In 

 the three University orchards described above much bark injury 

 occurred during the winter of 1911-12, and presumably during the 

 excessive cold weather in January, because no injury could be found 

 in the latter part of November or before the steady cold weather 

 began. The fact that both bark and wood clefts occurred in the 

 first week in January makes it appear plausible that the bark injuries 

 in crotches and other parts of trees occurred at least not later than 

 that date; and, as will appear in another connection, it seems likely 

 that this injury also occurred at this time. At any rate, when the 

 orchards were examined again late in March and early April many 

 trees were found having very severe injuries in the inner bark of 

 crotches and callus growths around old wounds. 



About a fourth of the trees in the apple orchard which had been 

 set about two years had the inner bark of several crotches more or 

 less severely injured, although no indication of injury could be seen 

 outside. The cortical tissues were nearly all green and normal 

 looking while much of the phloem was discolored and often had a 

 region near the cambial zone where a disorganization or partial sepa- 

 ration had occurred in such a way as to partially or even completely 

 loosen the bark in various sized areas or patches. 



No difference in general appearance could be detected between 

 injured and sound trees, nor could the injured crotches be told 

 from those not affected. The injury was chiefly confined to the main 

 crotches and the bases of one- and two-year-old, ascending shoots 

 coming from the lower parts of larger branches. The affected areas 

 in the larger crotches involved the angle of the crotch and the inner 

 side of both component branches up to various heights, depending 

 upon the size of the affected region. 



In the most severe cases the affected area usually involved from 

 2 to 3 cm. of bark on the inside of the branches of a crotch as well as 

 that surrounding its angle to as much as 4 cm. below. 



The injury around the bases of ascending shoots originating from 

 dormant or adventitious buds on the larger branches was much like 

 that in the crotches and was always most severe and sometimes even 

 confined to the bark in the lesser angle between the shoot and branch 

 from which it grew. In many instances, however, the imier bark or 



