306 Report of the Botanical Department of the 



and cankers on fruit and shade trees has been inferred chiefly from 

 the environment of affected trees and from the type and location of 

 the effect produced on them. The crown, " heart," and root rots 

 which follow are doubtless due to fungi, principally of the hymeno- 

 mycetous group. 



SOME SUGGESTIONS OF ECONOMIC BEARING. 



The field observations indicate that varieties of fruit trees which 

 are subject to winter injuries of this type should be headed low re- 

 gardless of the inconveniences which may be experienced in culti- 

 vation; also, that excessive and late growth should be prevented if 

 possible. Perhaps windbreaks or some means to prevent young 

 trees from swaying, may also prove of value in preventing the initial 

 injuries. Young trees which are growing rapidly or trees ivhose growth 

 was prematurely checked by unjavorahle conditions, so that tJiey enter 

 the dormant period with immature bark, ought to be carefully examined 

 in spring and early summer for indications of loosened or injured 

 bark. Such bark when found should be cut out with a sharp knife at 

 right angles to its surface and the exposed wood, if still of normal color, 

 covered with grafting wax or with tar paint if it is discolored or dead. 



