101-i New York State Daikymen's Association 



tcrial is used. The tools and the mixing board shuultl be cleaned 

 at the close of each work puriud, scraped and then scrubbed^ using 

 water. 



The first consideration of anv building is the foundation which 

 supports and preserves the building. The size of the base is 

 determined by the nature of the earth upon which the footing is 

 built, and upon the weight of the building and its contents. The 

 outer rim of foundation should extend lower than the centers, 

 forming cup-shaped Ixjttoms, for greatest etficiency. Steel rein- 

 forcing rods laid in the concrete at the top and bottom of walls 

 will prevent cracking or settling. The foundation wall should 

 extend below the frost line, if the ground is suhject to heaving. 

 The trench can be partly tilled with cobble or broken stone and 

 drained at the low points. Slush concrete poured on the top layers 

 gives an excellent foundation with a minimum of labor and ma- 

 terial. I prefer to have my outside forms extend to frost line, 

 then the ground may heave without securing a hold on the wall. 

 If the ground is subject to heaving, the trench can be used to 

 within a few inches of the floor line for the inside forms. The 

 wall forms should be well braced in position and tied together by 

 means of bolts or twisted wire, to prevent spreading while the 

 concrete is being rammed. If a smooth-finished surface is de- 

 sired, matched lumber, oiled or shellacked, is used to prevent vari- 

 ations, and if the forms are removed while the concrete is still 

 green it is verv easv to obtain a fine surface bv rubbing off the 

 outer film of cement and the form marks, leaving a surface equal 

 to a plastered wall in appearance and much superior in fact. 

 Green concrete should be protected from too rapid drying during 

 warm weather. Walls that have proper voi'tilation across them 

 will seldom gather moisture even if solid. 



Insulated walls may be obtained by construc'ting double con- 

 crete Avails, by plastering on hollow tile, and by using lath and 

 cement plaster in various ways, or a solid wall may be built to the 

 windows and then framed between, the inside being lathed and 

 plastered smooth, the outside made tight with paper and ship 

 lath or clapboards. Stucco or rough finish are best for exterior 

 work, ^lovo attention should be paid to exterior finish, and rough 

 or stuoco work can be paneled by putting rubbed borders around 

 the openings. 



