!N'oRMAL INSTITUTE 1599 



FROST FIGHTING 



Orchard heaters have as yet no place in New York horticul- 

 ture. A thrifty, healthy, well-matured plant is the best precau- 

 tion in this state against cold or frosts. 



TOP-WORKING TREES 



This practice can seldom be recommended. 



VINEYARDS 



ISTeglect is the chief trouble with vineyards in New York. Better 

 tillage, spraying and cover crops are restoring vineyards. 



I«\YING OUT ORCHARDS 



Continue to advise that orchards be laid out in squares. No 

 advantages are shown for the fancy figures recommended. 



FILLERS 



As a rule, fillers are to be recommended for apple orchards- — ■ 

 not always. The use of fillers is more advisable where the orchard 

 is an adjunct to the farm. Fillers for apples should usually be 

 apples. 



IMPORTANCE OF VARIETIES 



In 1893 Waite of Washington discovered that Bartlett pears 

 needed cross-pollination. Since then we have discovered that some 

 other fruits need to be interplanted. Few, however, of our stan- 

 dard fruits need cross-pollination and the value of an orchard or 

 vineyard can be greatly lessened by mixed planting. 



BOXING AND BARRELLING 



The majority of Xew York apples are barrel apples, not box 

 apples. 



PEDIGREE FRUITS 



A man is out-running his license who advocates pedigreed 

 nursery stock. Our present knowledge of the subject is but a thing 

 of shreds and patches with the great weight of evidence on the side 

 of stock unadorned with a so-called pedigree. A tree is literally 

 " a chip of the old block." 



