j-Aic.Mi;i;s' i.xsii rrri;s. 74r» 



eastratiou, spnyiug, etc., slioukl lie pL-rfoiuu-d uiitk-r anlisfptu- ju'eeau- 

 tians. "Wdiiiids iiivolvinu: tlic alulonK'H arc serious ;iii<l slmuld !)(> t-arefiilly 

 treated. Medicinal treatment is of little use. 



Diseases of the Liver. Jaundice. Yellows.- This is not a disease in 

 itself but rather a syinptoin of disease and is fre<]Uently associated with 

 .irali stones, parasitic diseases of tlie liver, intlanmiation of tlu; intestines 

 and bile duct and conj;estiou and iuflamniation of the liver. It is ditticult 

 to diagnose liver diseases in the hog, and quite impossible to differentiate 

 one from another. For this reason it is best to discuss all liver diseases 

 under the one head, jaundice. 



Causes.— Gall stones are occasionally found in the hog and resemble 

 fine sand in appearance. They may, however, occur as small calculi. 

 The causes of gall stones are concentration of the bile or its ))econiing 

 infected by bacteria, lack of exercise and overfeeding. 



Liver flukes and nematodes may obstruct the bile duct as tliey pass 

 up from the intestines. The former parasite is rare in this country and 

 is seldom the cause of liver diseases in hogs. The round wodus an? 

 sometimes found in the gall duct. 



Inflammation of the bile duct may occur as a complication of indi- 

 gestion or a catarrhal inflammation of the intestines. The main causes, 

 however, are overfeeding, lack of exercise and decomposed food. 



Inflammation of the liver is frequently met with in infectious dis- 

 eases. It may occur as a complication of indigestion. Certain micro- 

 organisms entering the digestive tract along with the food and finding 

 their way to the liver may cause it to become inflamed. 



Symptoms. -Any condition raising the pressure. in the bile ducts or 

 lowering the pressure in the blood vessels of the liver will cause bile to 

 be taken up by the circulation and carried to the different tissues of the 

 body, staining them a yellow color. This is quite noticeable in the are- 

 olar tissues beneath the skin and in the fat. This condition is sometimes 

 met with in apparently healthy hogs killed in the abattoir. A staining 

 of the visible mucous membranes and the skin cannot well be observed in 

 the hog. Sometimes the coloring matter of the bile is present in the 

 urine, and the normal function of the kidneys is disturbed. Constipa- 

 tion usually occurs and the feces have a more disagreeable odor than 

 normal. When occurring as a complication of other diseases, the liver 

 synqjtoms are usually overshadowed by the original disease. 



Treatment.— The treatment is .-iliout the same as in indigestion. As 

 a cathartic calomel can be administered in from one to ten grain dosi-s 

 and repeated every other day for a few days. 



Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus. Congestion of the Kidneys. 

 Causes.— Congestion of the kidneys as a result of injury is not uncommon 

 in hogs. Blows an<l kicks in the region of the back or injuries occurring 

 as a result of their piling up on each other, are among the common 

 causes. Exposure and wet. rold (pi.-irters, :is in other domestic animals, 



