802 i;i».\r;i) oi" .\<;i;i<i i.iTK'K. 



tiT.'iiiru'iil cDiisisls ill lit'ttcriiijr lli<' s.inil.ny cKmlitifins, imic \v;i(cr. clean 

 ri'ouylis and IfiHliuy: tliii»i-s. To onaUle the (»i;,'s to resist invasion, thoy 

 must 1>«' kept in as g<)«Hl n conilition as possible. 



To (lestiiiy the woiiiis or drive tliein fi-oni tiie intestines a nninl)«>i' of 

 tlitferent «lriij,'s eaii I)e i-ecomnientled spirits of Inrix-ntine. pow(tertMl 

 worm seed or areca ntit. salol and ealoniel. The sinii)lest treatment is to 

 mix turp<'ntine in inili< and allow the pigs to drink it. The dose usually 

 liiven is one teasiMionftd lor eacli one Inindred pounds of wei;;lit. A mix- 

 ture of areca nut and worm see<l is jjiven in the same size dose. A very 

 i;ood renu'dy is a mixture of santonin ami calomel: from tluve to five 

 crains of santonin and one or two jrrains of calomel. This should l)e put 

 up in powders laru'e enoufih for five or ten pigs. Ail powdered dru^s are 

 i)est jriven in meal and should l>e well mixed or each ])ij; will not j;et the 

 proper doso. Not more tlian ten or tifteen sliould l)e treated at a time. 

 The best results are jrotten when the pigs are starved for about twelve 

 iioins before dosiuj? them, and wlien a physic is given along with the 

 remedy or following it. Castor oil or calomel are the i)urgatives usually 

 given, especially the latter, as it is very effective, and can be readily 

 ndxed with the powdered drugs. The turpentine treatment need not Yte 

 followed by a purgative. 



Thorn-Headed Worm.— Among the ])arasites of the small intestine is 

 found one s])ecies of the genus Echinorhynclius. It is usually found with 

 its proboscis imbedded in the mucous membrane of the small intestine 

 well toward its anterior portion. It is seldom found in the large intes- 

 tine. Infection from both the round and thorn-headed Avornis is frequently 

 seen in the same animal. The two genera are (piite distince. and the most 

 careless observer is abl(> to distinguish I)etween the two. The echinorhyn- 

 chus is not as common a parasite* as tlie ascaride. and is not found in as 

 large nuni!)ers as the latter. We seldom tiiid iiioic Tlian eight or nine 

 thorn-headed worms in the one hog. 



Description.- The Echinorhynchns gigas (Joeze is larger than the as- 

 caride. It is tlie largest species infecting hogs. The male is from two 

 and a half to four and a half inches in length: the female from six to 

 eleven inches long and in the thickest part of the body almost as large as 

 a lead iiencil. The body is white, irregtilarly wrinkled transversely aud 

 attenuated bi-liind. At the anterior extremity is a retractile probosci.s or 

 rostelluui. almost globular in shape and armed with six or eight rows of 

 chitinous iiooks. Th(>se hooks are curved backwards and an-anged irreg- 

 ularly. The proboscis may be retracted into a muscular slieath, attached 

 to which are strong retractor muscles which can be seen toward the an- 

 terior part of the body cavity. No intestine is present. At the base of 

 the rostellum are two muscuhir sacks which hang down into the body 

 cavity, and are possible ri>presentatives of a digestive tract. The genital 

 openings in l)oth sexes are at the posterior extremity of the body. The 



