178 Report of the Botanist op the 



majority of cases neither of the latter two diseases is present, 

 showing that " hairy root " is a distinct disease. Some think it 

 a consequence of grafting, but this can not be true because it 

 occurs on budded trees as well as on grafted ones. Some belie-ve 

 that it is more common on light soils while others say that the 

 character of the soil makes no difference. It eeeme to be con- 

 fined to the apple. The cause is unknown.- 



Hail In.7ury. — In the summer of 1S98 a seTcre hailstorm 

 passed over the orchards south of Geneva. While making some 

 observations on fruit trees in that locality in April, 1900, we 

 observed some interesting hail effects which were still visible 

 on the bark. The details of these observations are given in the 

 discussion of plum diseases (page 202) and cherry diseases (page 

 186). On apple bark the only outward evidence of hail injury 

 was the presence of a few scars where the bark had been broken 

 by hailstones; but upon removing the outer layer of bark numer- 

 ous brown, corky spots were revealed. The location of these 

 dead spots was not indicated externally by any differences of 

 color in the outer bark as on the plum and cherry. 



Powdery Mildew (Podosphcera oxyacantlim (D C.) D By.). — • 

 This is often very troublesome to apple seedlings in the nurseries 

 of Western New York; so much so, in fact, that spraying with 

 Bordeaux mixture to prevent mildew is one of the necessary oper- 

 ations in the growing of apple seedlings. However, in 1900 this 

 disease appears to have been almost entirely absent. We have 

 neither seen nor heard of its occurrence except in a nursery at 

 Orleans, Ontario Co., where traces of it were observed upon 

 many plants. 



We have been unable to take a single specimen of Sphwrotheca 



mall. 



Rust {Ch/mnosporangium spp.) — We have been constantly on 

 the lookout for this disease, but have met with it only at Dres- 

 den, where we found a few trees showing a little rust on 

 August 28. 



RussBTiNG OF Fruit. — There has also been very little of thla 



trouble. 



