280 COMPOSITiE. Silpiuum. 



* * * Stem sqiuire, at kast below: leaves all opposite, connate, either directly or by 

 winged petioks. 



11. S. perfoliatum (Linn.) : stem stout, square, the branches often nearly 

 terete ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-oblong, thin ; the lower ovate-deltoid, 

 coarsely toothed, on winged connate petioles ; the upper often nearly entire, 

 connate-perfoliate and forming a concave disk ; heads trichotomous-corym- 

 bose, tlie central on a long peduncle; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, 

 squarrose-spreading ; achenia broadly obovate, winged, emarginate. — Linn.! 

 spec. {eel. 2) 2. p. 1301; Gouan, hort. Monsp. p. 4G2,- Hook. hot. mag. t. 

 3354. S. tetragonum & S. scabrum, Mcenck. S. connatum, Michx. ! ji. 2. 

 p. 146. — Varies with the stem, branches, involucre, &c. smooth and glabrous, 

 the leaves somewhat scabrous (S. perfoliatum of authors) ; sometimes very 

 scabrous above, and minutely and softly pubescent beneath ; or with the 

 stem hirsute or hispid, at least above, with deflexed hairs, and the leaves 

 often hairy (S. connatum, Linn. mant. pi- 574; Willd. spec. Z. p. 2332;" 

 Pursh, ji. 2. p. 578; DC.'jjrodr. 5. p. 514): a state with the exterior 

 scales of the involucre larger and more foliaceous is S. conjunctum, Willd. 

 enum. p. 933. As to the achenia, these are frequently obcordate-emarginate, 

 the extremities of the wings being rounded and not at all produced (S. perfo- 

 liatum, DC! I. c); or these are produced into 2 short acute or triangular 

 teeth (S. Hornemanni, DC! I. c, which, as to pubescence &c. is interme- 

 diate between S. perfoliatum & S. connatum of authors), or into sharp lobes 

 producing a deep narrow notch, as is represented in SchJcuhr, liandh. t. 262. 

 But all these forms arc so variable as scarcely to admit of being distinguished 

 as varieties, much less as species. 



Banks of streams, &c. Michigan ! Illinois ! and Ohio ! to Kentucky ! 

 Tennessee ! and the mountainous portion of the Southern States ! July- 

 Sept. — Stem 4-6 feet high. Leaves 6-12 inches long, 4-8 broad ; the radi- 

 cal somewhat cordate, on margined petioles; the upper connate either by a 

 very broad or somewhat narrowed base ; those of the branches sometimes 

 disjoined. Heads large ; the rays 15-30. — Cup-Plant. 



S. crythrocaulmi (Bernh. m Sprcng. sijst. 3. ^?. 630); "stem 4-angled, glabrous; 

 leaves opposite, cordate-lanceolate, acute, unequally toothed, very scabrous; the 

 winged petioles perfoliate; scales of the involucre oblong, rather acute," also seems 

 to be a variety of S. peifoliatum. 



74. BERLANDIERA. DC prodr. 5. p. 517 ; DeLess. ic. sel. 4. t. 26. 

 Species of Silphium, DC. i^ authors. 



Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate, equal in num- 

 ber to the inner series of involucral scales (5-8, rarely 12), and situated in 

 their axils ; those of the disk tubular, sterile, partly enclosed by the some- 

 what foliaceous and cucullate upwardly dilated and obtuse chaffy scales of 

 the receptacle, two of which are adherent to the base of each inner scale of 

 the involucre and persistent, tire others borne on the margin and depressed 

 summit of the small somewhat turbinate receptacle ; the central flowers oc- 

 casionally somewhat abortive ? and with narrower chaff. Scales of the 

 spreading involucre foliaceous, in 3 series ; the exterior 3-4, oblong or oval, 

 smallest; the second 4 or 5, mostly obovate ; the innermost (usually 5-8) 

 largest, dilated-obovate or rhornboidal, membranaceo-chartuceous, reticulated. 



