306 COMPOSITE. Echinacea. 



y. stem and leaves hispid or hispidly scabrous ; rays usually shorter and 

 rather broader. — E. serotina, DC! I. c. Rudbeckia purpurea /3. serotina, 

 JVm«. / I. c. R. serotina, Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. t. 4 ; Lodd, hot. cat. t. 

 1539. R. hispida, Hoffm., ex DC. R. speciosa, Link, enuni. 2. p. 352, 

 ex DC 



6. stem and leaves hispid-scabrous ; rays nearly white. 



Virginia! to Georgia! and Alabama! mostly in the Western districts, and 

 Ohio! to Louisiana! (5. Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead! July-Oct. — Stem 2-5 

 feet high. Rays 12-20, li to more than 2 inches long, dull purple. — The 

 short pappus appears to be persistent, not deciduous as described by De Can- 

 doUe. The horizontal root, which is said to distinguish E. serotina, is some- 

 times observed in the smooth plant. 



2. E. an gusti folia (DC. 1. c.) : stem hispid, mostly simple, naked above; 

 leaves all lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, hairy or strigose-hispid, entire, 

 3-nerved, all but the uppermost tapering into petioles ; scales of the short in- 

 volucre in about 2 series. — E. pallida, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n.' 

 ser.) 7. p. 354 (1841). Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. 

 p. 77. (Rays 12-15, at first often short, at length elongated and slender, 

 2 inches long, dependent, varying from light purple to pale rose-color.) 



(i. leaves crowded towards the base of the short stout stem, oblong-lance- 

 olate, on short petioles, strongly strigose-hispid ; rays 20 or more, pale rose- 

 color or white. 



y. leaves hirsute ; the lowest lanceolate-oblong, the upper narrowly lance- 

 olate ; stem often glabrous below; rays about 15, dark red. — E. sanguinea, 

 Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. (Varies with the leaves almost 

 glabrous.) 



Prairies and low barrens, from Illinois ! and Missouri ! to Alabama ! Ar- 

 kansas! Western Louisiana! and Texas! /3. Upper Missouri, iV/r. iVicoZ- 

 let! May-July. — A common plant beyond the Mississippi, variable in size 

 (1-3 feet high), usually slender, and nearly naked above the middle ; the 

 leaves 3-7 inches long, one-fourth to more than half an inch wide, on peti- 

 oles of variable length. Heads smaller than in the preceding; the disk pur- 

 plish-brown and usually with shorter cusps to the chatf. Root perpendicular. 



3. E.? atrorubens (Nutt. 1. c.) : glabrous; stem elongated, terete; leaves 

 narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire, tapering into long petioles, the margins 

 scabrous; chaff' exserted, lanceolate, acute; rays very dark red. Nutt. — 

 Rudbeckia atrorubens, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 80. 



(3. ? graminifolia : stem slender, striate-angled, slrigose-pubescent above ; 

 leaves scattered, narrowly linear, elongated, rigid, shining, slightly strigose- 

 pubescent when young, 3-nerved (the lateral nerves marginal), acute, sessile; 

 the lower with a long attenuate base as if petioled; rays 9 or 10, oblong, 

 dark red-purple ; chaff of the receptacle oblong, thick and fleshy, abruptly 

 mucronale, as long as the (purple) corolla; pappus minute, 4-toothed. 



Plains of Arkansas, and also in Georgia {Dr. IVrai/), Nuttall. 13. Low 

 pine barrens. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapwan! — Mr. Nuttall speaks of his 

 Rudbeckia atrorubens as "closely allied to R. purpurea and R. pallida, but 

 perfectly distinct in its singular smoothness, very narrow entire leaves, and 

 dark red rays, which are very showy from the intensity of their color; and 

 in his recent memoir he accordingly refers it to Echinacea. Our plant agrees 

 in many respects with his brief description ; but has apparently still more 

 attenuated leaves (2-3 lines wide, the lower a foot long), short rays (half an 

 inch long), a strigose-hairy involucre, short cusps to the chaff', and short coni- 

 cal appendages to the style; so that it is a somewhat doubtful member of the 

 genus. We have not seen it fully in flower; but suspect that the scarcely 

 developed corolla (which is that of Echinacea) nearly equals the chaff in 

 length. 



