So^cHU3. COMPOSITiE. 501 



Bigel. fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292 ?) ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292 (partly) ; 

 Koch, fi. Germ. &,- Helv. p. 433. S. ciliatus, Lam. fl. Fr. 2. p. 87 ; DC. 

 prodr. 7. p. 185. S. asper, Gcertn. fr. 2. t. 158; not of Vill. S. Isevis, 

 Viil.Delph. 3. p. 158. 



Waste places, around gardens &c., introduced from Europe, and more or 

 less naturalized in the United States ! extending north to the Saskatchawan ! 

 and Newfoundland. Aug.-Sept. — Leaves more commonly divided, and the 

 teeth less spinulose than in the following species. Flowers pale yellow. 

 Achenia roughish or somewhat muricately rugose. — The distinguishing char- 

 acters of this species not having been noticed by American writers, we are 

 uncertain what synonyms are to be here adduced. — Sow-Thistle. 



3. S. asper (ViW.) : glabrous, or rather glandular-hairy at the summit; 

 cauline leaves undivided, undulate, or slightly runcinate, conspicuously spin- 

 ulose-toothed, cordate-clasping, with the auricles rounded ; the upper lanceo- 

 late or oblong; the lower oval or spatulate, with a slender tapering base or 

 winged petiole ; involucre and umbellate-corymbose peduncles glabrous or 

 slightly hairy ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, margined, smooth ! 

 (or the margins minutely serrulate-scabrous.) — Vill. Delph. I. c. ; Fuchs, 

 hist. ; Fl. Dan. t. 893 ; Reichenh. fl. excur. 1. p. 274 ; Koch, I. c. S. olera- 

 ceus, var. asper, (y. 4* ^•) Linn. I. c. ; DC. fl. Fr. ; Borrer, in Engl. hot. 

 suppl. t. 2765 &f 2766. S. oleraceus, var. spinulosus, Oakes ! cat. Vermont 

 pL, in T/iompson's gazetteer. S. spinosus. Lam. fl. Fr., not of DC. 



S. fallax, Wallroth, sched. crit. p. 432 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 185. S. Caroli- 

 nianus, Walt. Car. p. 192; Ell! sk. 2. p. 255; DC! I.e. S. spinulosus, 

 Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292; Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 445 ; DC. I.e. 



/3. achenia more distinctly margined. — S. oleraceus. Hook. Sf Am. hot. 

 Beechey, p. 145 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. I. c, as to Oregon plant. S. fallax? 

 /?. Californicus, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 438. 



Fields and waste places, in rich damp soil throughout the United States! 

 Probably indigenous to this country, at least in the south : now found in al- 

 most every part of the world. /?. Oregon, Dr. Scouler! California, Nutt- 

 all, 8fc. Aug.-Sept., or in the Southern States, March-May. — Usually a 

 smaller and more rigid plant than S. oleraceus. Flowers pale yellow. — 

 Sow- Thistle. 



* * Perennial herbs. 



4. S. arvensis (Liinn.) : root creeping; stem erect, glabrous ; leaves run- 

 cinate-pinnatifid, spinellose-toothed, cordate-clasping at the base, the auricles 

 short and obtuse ; panicle umbellate-corymbose ; the pedicels and involucre 

 hispid; achenia somewhat tetragonal, the ribs transversely rugulose. DC. I. c. 

 —Fl. Dan. t. 606 ; Engl. hot. t. 674 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 501 ; Beck, hot. p. 

 171 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292. S. palustris, Muhl. cat. p. 73 ? 



Newfoundland, Hooker. Essex County, Massachusetts, Mr. Oakes! 

 Shores of Staten Island, New York, and the adjacent part of New Jersey, 

 where it is perfectly naturalized ! Pennsylvania, Pursh ; in cultivated 

 grounds and among rubbish; introduced from Europe. Aug.-Sept. — Heads 

 large : flowers bright yellow. 



S. pallidus {WiWd. spec.) is a nominal species, wholly founded on the characters 

 of Lactuca Canadensis of Linnaeus and Tournefort, which afford no reason for deem- 

 ing the plant either a Sonchus or a Mulgedium. Willdenow does not pretend to 

 know the species, and it is mere pretence on the part of Pursh to speak of it as a 

 common plant in Canada and New England. 



