TJic Poor Maiis Meat 



:i9 



are attached. The tripes of bullocks are purchased 

 wholesale by the tripe-dressers, who, after properly 

 preparing them, either retail the same themselves, or 

 else dispose of them among the tripe shops in Clare 

 Market and other poor neighbourhoods. The same 

 class of dealers also purchase from the hide and sheep 

 skin tradesmen the feet of sheep and oxen, which, after 

 being duly cleansed and dressed, are retailed under the 

 ilesignation of "trotters" and "cowheels," the latter 

 being much in favour among the poor <br making stew 

 and soup. The feet of swine, similarly prepared, are 

 sold principally by hawkers, who find their trade most 

 l>risk towards evening in the various public-houses — a 

 l^int of beer and a pig's foot or trotter often constitut- 

 ing the evening meal of many of the poorer class of 

 labourers. The price of a sheep's foot or pig's foot 

 thus dressed ranges from a half-penny to three half- 

 pence, one penny being the medium charge. A con- 

 siderable portion of the livers and skirts are purchased 

 Avholesale by retail dealers in low neighbourhoods. 

 The general price of these is is. 8d. In Whitechapel 

 some of the Petticoat Lane Jews are good customers, 

 the liver being retailed by them in the same manner 

 as fish — namely, in a cooked state direct from the fry- 

 ing-pan, the purchasers generally being the poorest of 

 the poor, who seldom have the means of procuring a 

 fire. The hearts of oxen and sheep, in the majority of 

 instances, constitute the Sunday dinner of the pur- 

 chasers, who are generally working people. Stuffer 

 with a pennyworth of herbs, and baked witli a few 

 potatoes, they afford a cheap substitute for the rili of 

 lieef or shoulder of mutton which the poor so often 

 find themselves, from want of means, unable to pur- 

 chase. A bullock's heart sells for about is. 6d. Cer- 



tain portions of the entrails of animals are also used as 

 food. Calves' heads and sheep's heads are bought 

 largely by a certain class of dealers, who retail the 

 same readily in a baked state. They also find a quick 

 sale among individual purchasers, especially among 

 Scottish artisans, who are thus enabled to procure 

 their favourite luxury at a lower rate than in Edin- 

 burgh or Glasgow, where the great demand exceed- 

 ing the supply naturally leads to enhanced prices. 

 The ox-heads are largely used in the making of 

 soups, and form another staple article of food among 

 the poor. They are bought wholesale by the tripe- 

 dressers. An ox's tripe and head are valued at lis. 

 Sheep's brains are retailed almost solely to the 

 dealers in baked sheep's heads. The tongue, both 

 of the ox and the sheep, is generally sold by the 

 tripe-dresser to the curer, and forms, with the oxs 

 tail, the dearest portions of the offal. Other parts 

 of the offal, such as the tripes of sheep, are disposed 

 of as food for cats and dogs. It is, however, a well- 

 known fact that sheep's tripe is largely used as an 

 article of food among the pool' — necessity overcoming 

 their natural distaste. No part of the animal is lost. 

 Even the blood is valuable, being used first for 

 calico-printing, and then for manure. Other portions 

 of animal matter find their way into the hands of 

 bone boilers, and people of a similar class. When it 

 is remembered that in 1867 no less than 265,754 

 head of oxen, and 1,472,000 sheep, forming a total 

 of 1,737,754 animals, exclusive of calves and swine, 

 were disposed of in the metropolitan market, some 

 adequate idea may be formed of the magnitude \\hich 

 the trade in animal offal has attained. 



THE PLEASURES OF ARCHERY. 



WE could trace the histoty of Archery 

 very far back, even to the time of Ish 

 mael, who, we are told, " dwelt in the wilder- 

 ness and became an archer," but with him and 

 such remote times we would at present dis- 

 pense, and content ourselves with Archery as 

 it has been and is now in Britain. 



For several centuries after the conquest of 

 England by the Normans, we find that the 

 bow and " cloth-yard shaft" were considered 

 the deadliest weapons of English warfare. 

 The foes of England dreaded the English 

 archers. They were by far the most formid- 

 able part of the army ; our enemies not un- 



frequently realizing that the tide of battle 

 was turned by a well-directed flight of arrows, 

 that carried death and confusion into their 

 ranks. In times of peace the bow was not 

 hung up in the hall as being of no further 

 use ; for, by many able writers, we are told 

 that the bow was to our forefathers what the 

 rifle and fowling peace is to our modern 

 country gentleman. Unfortunate was the bird 

 or dun stag whose bright plumage or tower- 

 ing antlers attracted the eye and became the 

 butt of the sure-aimed English archer. 



Many are the wonderful feats in archery 

 related of those old times, but we fear we 



