PLANTS MENTIONED IN CLASSICAL WORKS, — 219 
- 897.—A third water-plant cultivated for its edible seeds, 
and which’ grows plentifully in the lakes and rivers of China— 
the water-caltrop, Trapa—is mentioned in the Ritual Classics 
under the name of $# ling. 
Chou li, 1, 108 [* Offerings ”] :—Les paniers supplémen- 
taires sont remplis avec des chitaignes d’eau (ling. CHENG 
Sz*nuna@ explains it by ¥ k*7) des fruits de la plante 
kien, ete. 
» Li ki, I, 461 [* Diet of the Ancient Chinese ”] :—Ling 
‘mentioned among the fruits eaten. [See infra, 484, note. | 
Curene Hitan comments ling i‘. : bastge 
The plant is mentioned.in the Rh ya [124]. 
Li sao, 19 :—T’ai séché des feuilles de la chataigne d'eau 
(#é) et du nénuphar pour orner mes vétements supérieurs. 
~The Shuo wen explains ling by ki and says that the latter 
character is the same as 38 (pronounced also to). 
The Wu ling ki, quoted in the Yu yang tsa tsu [9th century] 
says that the fruit with three horns is called é/, that with — 
two is ling. 
The 7'si min yao shu [5th century] calls it #E ling ts‘iu. 
At Peking the common name for the water-caltrop is now 
Ve $§ ling kiie, the second character meaning horn, in 
allusion to the horns at the top of the fruit. 
— -P., XXXII, 26, 38 BW Ki shi (7 fruit) also ling, ling kite. 
a Su Sune [11th century] distinguishes two kinds of ling, 
with two and with four horns. Li Sat-cHen gives a good 
description of the plant. . | 
Drawings in the Kin huang (LVI, 10] under ling hie 
(plant recognizable), and in Ch., XXXII, 19, good figure. — 
The water-caltrop cultivated at Peking is the Trapa 
_bispinosa, Roxb., which is found also in Kashmir. LOUREIRO — 
2 [F lora cochin., 86] mentions the Trapa chinensis cultivated 
at Canton.  Linnavus described a water-caltrop received 
from Canton as T. bicornis. ' Huwry [l.c., 248, 244] —in 
