with some Remarks on the Nature of the Spongiæ Marine. 403 
sels, and the returning fluid descends by other and different vessels. Yet 1 
have been told by an excellent naturalist, that a species has been discovered 
in the Caspian Sea which does not possess any oscules: and according to 
M. Lamouroux, many more of the Sponges are destitute of them; for he has 
justly remarked, * Beaucoup d'Eponges sont privées de ces oscules; ainsi 
leur présence ou leur absence, leur grandeur, leur forme, leur situation, 
peuvent fournir de bons caractères pour faire des sections ou définir des 
espéces*." . : 
- Wherefore the same important agency of an endosmosis, and a consequent 
exosmosis, in pursuance of the valuable discoveries of M. Dutrochet, can alone 
I think account for the existence of these currents under all the circumstances 
here alluded to. One, if not the chief, use of these continuous currents seems 
clearly to be, to convey nutritive matter in a liquid state, as mixed or assimi- 
lated with the water, to the innermost portions of the Sponge after the like 
manner in which plants receive their food or nourishment. 
Next, the smells or odours which the different Sea Sponges give out in their 
fresh and dried and burnt} states, resemble far more those of certain vege- 
tables than those of animals, although it is well ascertained that several spe- 
cies have a decided animal smell}; so likewise some of the Alge possess a 
strong putrid odour like decayed animal matter, and which, on the applica- 
tion of certain acids, becomes ammoniacal ; hence, then, no proof can be de- 
rived from these facts in favour of the supposed animality of the Sponges. 
And this circumstance has been. long ago properly commented upon by M. La- 
mouroux in these words: “Des zoologistes ont classé les Eponges parmi les 
animaux, à cause de l'odeur qu'elles répandent fraiches et au sortir de la mer, 
ou pendant qu'on les brûle. Ce caractère ne peut servir, la majeure partie 
* See Lamouroux, Hist. Polyp. Coral. Flex. p. 15. 
t In Solander and Ellis's work on Zoophytes, p. 184, it is said of the Common Sponge (Spongia 
officinalis), ** When they are first taken out of the sea they have a strong fishy smell; and when the 
Sponge is burnt the smell soon discovers its animal nature." This latter fact has been constantly 
copied by most English authors ever since the publication of that work, and has been incorrectly 
esteemed as a test decisive of the animality of Sponges. See also Montagu's note ; at p. 73. vol. ii. 
part 1. of the Wern. Mem. Again, Montagu has (op. cit. p. 76, in note *) observed on the Fresh- 
water Sponge, that “ this fibrous brittle substance is evidently of animal origin by its odour in com- 
bustion.” t Refer to p. 96 of Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xiii. 
