Sprays and Spraying. 69 



fectly emulsified, the oil will not^rise to the surface even after 

 Standing an indefinite time. Such an emulsiön may be used 

 immediately or may be kept as a stock mixture. Before using 

 dilute one part of the stock emulsiön with ten to fifteen of 

 water. 



This will be found to be an efficient remedy for green aphis, 

 woolly aphis, red spider, mealy bugs and certain scale insects. 



WHALE-OIL SOAP AND QUASSIA. 



Strong soap suds made from any good soap are useful for 

 destroying soft-bodied insects like plant-lice. It is usual, 

 however, to employ for this purpose special soaps made with 

 fish-oils, and sold as whale-oil soaps. These vary consider- 

 ably in composition, some being made with soda, others with 

 potash lye. The latter are much^superior and buyers should 

 insist on having potash soaps. 



For Scale insects, whale-oil soap is sometimes used in as 

 concentrated a Solution as two pounds of soap to one gallon 

 of water, but only upon dormant plants. As a remedy for 

 the various plant-lice one pound of soap to eight or ten gal- 

 lons of water is usually sufficient. Hop growers are inclined 

 to believe that better results are obtained, when spraying for 

 hop-lice, by adding some quassia decoction to the soap Solu- 

 tion, as f ollows : 



Whale-oil soap 10 pounds 



Quassia 5 pounds 



Water '... 100 gallons 



Place the quassia chips in a sack, cover with eight or ten 

 gallons of water and soak twelve to twenty-f our hours. Then 

 bring to a boil, remove the chips, add the soap and boil until 

 it is dissolved. Add water to make 100 gallons. The whale- 

 oil soap and quassia spray is used principally by hop growers. 



BLACK LEAF SHEEP DIP. 



Black leaf sheep dip, a proprietary tobacco preparation, 

 may be used for the same purpose as kerosene emulsiön or 

 whale-oil soap and quassia and has the advantage that it does 

 not injure foliage and is ready for use. One gallon diluted 

 with 75 to 100 gallons of water makes a very efficient aphidi- 

 cide, 



WHEN TO SPRAY. 



General directions as to how many times to spray and when 

 the applications should be made are at best unsatisfactory. 

 The answer to both questions depends not only upon the vari- 

 ety of fruit to be sprayed, but also upon the conditions pre- 



