AUSTRIAN OBSERVATIONS. 33 



The stations mentioned so far were generally parallel stations, tliat is 

 double, one set of instruments being in the woods, the other outside. 



AUSTRIA. 



The radial stations proposed by Dr. Loreuz Liburnan were estab- 

 lished in Austria in 18S4 and following years. The outside stations 

 in each radial s} stem were to be in various directions and at varying 

 distances from the stations in the forest. 



Dr. Liburnan foun<l great difficulty in arranging them, since some of 

 the stations should be at considerable distances, and all of the same 

 group should l)e at the same sea level. I^aturally the arrangement 

 would alsf» require a separate and distinct forest of no great extent. 

 These conditions were hard to fill and but few suitable places were 

 found in the whole Austrian Empire. Up to the i)resent time only 

 three such groups of stations have been established: 



(1) In northeastern Austria, the group about Karlslust on an ex- 

 tended plateau, between Ketz and Znaim, with an average elevation of 

 1,300 feet (396 m.). 



(2) In eastern Galicia, near the Russian boundary, on an extensive 

 plateau, between Konstancyai and Skala, with an average elevation of 

 886 feet (270 m.). 



(3) On the northern base of the Carpathians, in the undulating region 

 near Eachiu, at an elevation of 1,300 (396 m.) to 1,600 feet (487.6 m.). 



01)servations of temperature and humidity were taken under the 

 trees, also in the tree crowns and at various elevations above the trees. 

 Corresponding observations at the same heights were made over open 

 land. 



The results of the observations during the years 1885 to 1887 so far 

 published have not been before the writer.* From a review, however, it 

 is learned that the director. Dr. laburnau, a most competent authority, 

 draws the following conclusions: 



(a) The ndrnial decrease of temperature with the elevation, observed in the open 

 country, is modified in the forest, during the day, by the warming of the crown 

 cover, especially of the upper portions. In the forest the crown cover has the same 

 relation to the temperature as have the soil and the smaller vegetation in the open 

 country. Thus the normal decrease of temperature with the elevation remains uni- 

 form in the open country, but is more modilied in the forest under the influence of 

 the warmed crown-cover thim in the open country under the influence of the soil. 



(6) During tlie night the crown cover has also the same relationship to the soil 

 and vegetation of the o])en connlry, except tli.it temperature reductions have dif- 

 ferent values. 



(c) As the temperature in the forest is higher in the upper regions of the crown 

 cover than in the lower and among the trunks and on the ground, especially during 

 the day, it follows that the shade contributes more to its reduction of temperature 



* Investigations into the humidity and condition of temperature of the forest and 

 of the open country, and the results of the forest influence upon the climate in its 

 proximity. 



12414-l!To. 7 3 



