INDEX. 



195 



Meteorology, forest— Coiit iiuiod. 



iutiiifiice uiMiii water and soil iMiiKliliouj, 20. 

 sanitary iiitlui-iue ol I'urest.s, -1. 

 systenialic observations on, 'J(i. 



literature of forest meteorology, 24. 

 inetliDils of solving problems otV^f). 



early observations on— Hunter, ScbaeiiH', 2G; 

 Pietet and Mauriee, 'JG; Kaemtz, Jiravais, 

 and Tliomas, Borgeau, 27. 



later ol'servatious, l'"rauee, Messrs. T5ecf|iierel, 

 27; Contegril, Bellot, 28; Germany, Hof- 

 man. I'.aur, Krntzscb, Rivoli, 28. 



observations of Matbieu, at Nancy, and of 

 Fautrat and Sartiaux, 29. 



observations of Eberiiiayer in Bavaria, 30. 



Cei-man stations for ol)servatiiuis, descrip- 

 tion of, 30. 



(diservations in Sweden, 31. 



in -\nstria, deseription of stations. Dr. Lo- 

 reuz-Liburnau, 33. 



results of observations, 33. 



eonelnsions of Dr. I,iburnau as to in"ieuce 

 of forests npou climate, 34. 



l>rogramme of observations i)ropii8ed by con- 

 gress of (iernian foresteis and farmers, 35. 



system of Prussian service, 35. 



eonfereneo at Vienna, 36. 



<d>ieets and methods, pSralle! stations, 37. 



I'iilie's cvaiiorometer, 38. 



instruments and methods of the German serv- 

 ice, 31). 



Dr. Liburnan's method, 39. 



soil temperatures, 40. 



mean annual ditlerences of tempei-atnre for 

 lields and woods at the surface and depths 

 of C inches and 4 feet, 41. 



ettects of forest litter, 43, 49. 



differences in the influence of deciduous and 

 of eveigreen frees upon soil tenii)erature, 40. 



etl'ect of elevation above sea lev id, 48. 



differences in yonng trees and tdd, 48. 



differences of soil temperature under sod and 

 bare surface, 50. 



temperatures of soil in.side and outside of a 

 forest, 50. 



air temperatures in forests and open fields, 

 51. 



annual range, 51. 



monthly range, 53. 



difference in the influence of deciduous and 

 of evergreen forests, -58. 



effect of elevation above sea level, 60. 



effect of young forests, 60. 



temperatures in the tree crown and above 

 trees, 01. 



temperature gradients, 68. 



temperature above forests, 69. 



Fautrat's observation, 70. 



tree temperatures, 72. 



Geneva observations, 73. 



tree trunk a poor conductor of heat, 74. 



ditlerences between tree and air tempera- 

 tures, 74. 



vegetation and air temperatures, 76. 



heat used in processes of vegetation, 76. 



transpiration, 77. 



Meteorologj', forest— Continued. 

 Hohnel's investigations, 78. 

 theoretical cali'ulation of lieat absorption, 80. 

 temperatures in woods, glades, and plains, 83. 

 Swedish observations, 84. 

 conclusions regarding temperatures within 



and witliout forests, 88. 

 tem])erature8 in wooded and treeless terri- 



t(u-ie8, 89. 

 Woeikofl's observ.ations, 91. 

 temperatures in relation to parallels of lati- 

 tude, 92. 

 relation of evaporation to forests, 96, 132. 

 annual evajioration in fields and woods com- 

 pared with pr<'<i|iitation, 90, 100, 134. 

 percentage of evaporation iu woods compared 



with that in open fields, 97. 99, 132, 138. 

 evaporation as modified by trees of different 



kinds or ditierent ages. 98. 

 evaporation from baie soil and from water 



surface, 99. 

 effect of litter on evaporation, 99. 

 forests and humidity, 102. 

 absolute Inunidily in woods, glades, auJ 



plains coni]);ired, 102. 

 relative humidity. lO.t. 

 Fautrat's observations, 104. 

 Dr. Liburnan's conclusions, 104. 

 carbonic-acid gas and o/.one tiikeii uii by for- 

 ests, 105. 

 rainfall in,- above, and near forests, lOG. 

 rain caught under trees and in the open fields, 



106. 

 ditierence in ca.se of evergreen and deciduous 



trees, 107. 

 Fautrat's observations, precipitation over 



woods and open fields, 109, 125. 

 German observations, 110. 

 inrtuenco of forests on rainfall, 1 11-118. 

 French obseivations, 112. 



precipitation over wooiled and treeless dis- 

 tricts, 113, 126. 

 influence of altitudes, 127. 

 Java and ("elebes, 115. 

 the Ania/.on, 129. 

 j ob.servatJ(ms in India, 91, 117, 128. 



presumption in favor of forests, 117, 125. 



wintl and storms, lis. 



windbreak i-IVect of forests. 118, 133. 



forest circulation, 120. 



influenceon fogs, frost, and ice, on hailstoriiis, 



121, 129. 

 water supply, fixed and circulating. 123. 

 distribulitui of circulating, how influenced, 



124, 130. 

 relation of forests to wafer supply, 123. 

 elements of dissipation, interception, 130. 

 evaporation, 132. 



evaporation and precipitation compiled, 134. 

 transpiration, 130. 

 relation of forests to snow, 137. 

 conservative and dissipative influences of 



forests on water supply, 140. 

 distribution of terrestial waters, superficial 

 and underground drainage, brooks and 

 rivers, 141. 



