38 WORKING PLAN FOR FOREST LANDS NEAR PINE BLUFF, ARK. 



distributed throughout the type. Very few young trees are present; 

 almost the entire stand is composed of veterans. 



Development. — The Cow Oaks of these bottoms have massive cylin- 

 drical boles, rising- 60 or TO feet before branching. They bulge out 

 considerably at the base, and as a rule incline to be squarish or angu- 

 lar in form. Small clumps of twigs commonly sprout out at short 

 intervals over the whole length of the stem. 



The crown is large and massive, consisting generally of two or three 

 heavy main forks, and extends slightly above the surrounding forest 

 canopy, occupying a large amount of space when well developed. It 

 must always have plenty of light and room. 



White Oak (Quercus alba Linn.). 



The White Oaks of the bottom lands are similar in every way to the 

 Cow Oaks described above. When growing on the pine lands this 

 species is inferior in character and of much smaller proportions. It 

 seeks out the best soils, reproduces readily, and is intolerant of shade. 



Sweet Gum (IAquidambar styradflua Linn). 



Situation. — This species occurs both on the elevations and in the 

 depressions of the bottom lands, and is able to grow in places where 

 standing water is present during most of the year. It is also com- 

 mon throughout the pine lands, but the growth is here very scrubby 

 in comparison with the splendid development attained in the bottoms. 



Tolerana and reproduction. — Sweet Gum can tolerate a good deal of 

 shade, and the reproduction grows well under the shelter of oak, ash, 

 hickory, etc. It seems also to flourish equally well in the open. This 

 is the only species of the bottoms with a fair amount of young growth 

 present. Its reproduction occurs everywhere, although in a thin and 

 scattered form. 



Occurrence. — Sweet Gum occurs by single trees; occasionally also a 

 pure pole forest of limited extent is met with. 



Development. — The bole is inclined to be somewhat crooked and 

 enlarged at the butt, and is fairly cylindrical and free from branches 

 for 50 or 60 feet from the ground. The crown is large and somewhat 

 more dense than that of the Cow Oak. 



White Ash (Fraxinus americana Linn. ). 



Situation. — Like the Sweet Gum, the White Ash flourishes in the 

 hollows of the bottoms where water collects, seeming to prefer such 

 locations to the drier elevations; it is found even in the sloughs, where 

 water is almost always present, at least to the depth of a few inches. 

 White Ash occurs to a very limited extent on the pine lands. 



TolevanCi and reproduction. — White Ash can succeed under a good 

 deal of shade, but young growth is very scarce. 



