SILVICULTURAL NOTES. 39 



Occurrence. — Always by single trees. 



Development. — The bole is massive and cylindrical, and the crown 

 large, spreading, and irregular in shape. It attains about the same 

 proportions as the Sweet Gum. 



Shagbark Hickory ( Hicoria aoata Britton). 



Situation.— This species prefers the higher levels in the bottom 

 lands, and is never found in standing water. It occurs also on the 

 pine lands, but its development here is very poor in comparison with 

 the tine proportions it reaches in the bottoms. 



Tolerance and reproduction. — Young growth is very scarce; what 

 there is seems to tolerate a certain amount of shade. 



Occurrence. — Always by single trees. 



Development. — The crown is large and dome shaped, and the bole 

 long, slender, and somewhat tapering; a clear length of 40 to 50 feet 

 is quite common. 



Holly (Ilex opaca Ait.). 



Situation. — The Holly seems to be at home alike on the slight ele- 

 vations and in the depressions of the bottoms, although always shun- 

 ning any considerable amount of standing water. It occurs but rarely 

 on the pine lands. 



Tolerance and reproduction. — This species is very tolerant of shade. 

 It will come up under dense foliage and very slowly force its way 

 through the crowns of all species overtopping it. The reproduction 

 is scattering throughout. 



Occurrence. — Always by single trees. 



Development. — The Holly is small in comparison with the other 

 species, seldom attaining a height of over 30 or 40 feet or a diameter 

 of over 24 inches. Its bole is tapering and covered almost to the 

 ground by its dense, conical-shaped crown. 



Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana Walt.). 



With the Holly, this species forms a kind of underwood to the large 

 oaks, gums, etc., although it is generally so stunted as to resemble a 

 bush rather than a tree. In regard to situation, tolerance, and occur- 

 rence it resembles the Holly, but in mode of growth it is very irreg- 

 ular, usually forming a crooked, short bole and a very broken and 

 open crown. 



