the covering or scale that protects them. To see the insect itself, take a pin or the 

 point of a knife and gently lift the scale, and underneath will be found a pear- 

 shaped, fat, yellow, helpless body, the real insect, with no legs or eyes in the case 

 of the females, but only a long sucking tube beneath its body projecting into the 

 bark or tissues of the fruit beneath. (See Fig. 4.) 



Description of the Scale in More Detail. — Now that we have given a 

 general description of the various stages of the scale found in summer, let us con- 

 sider more carefully the three most important stages for identification, namely, the 

 adult female, adult male and the black or winter stage. 



(a) Adult female Scale. (See Fig. 3 A) : — Shape circular or almost circular, 

 nearly fiat, being slightly raised towards the centre ; size 1.2 to 2.0 mm. in diameter, 

 average about 1.5 mm. (about 1-16 of an inch) ; general color grayish or ashy 

 brown, with a lighter colored central area from 1-4 to 1-5 of the total diameter in 



Fig. 3. Various stages of San Jose Scale, all enlarged about fifteen times: A. Adult 

 female scale with immature young of various stages settled down around or upon it; 

 a, an adult male scale; &, 6, b, three small black scales, winter stage. B. An adult 

 female scale turned over, revealing the insect herself beneath with bristle-like mouth 

 parts exposed. C. a, an adult male scale; b, b, two immature black winter stage 

 scales. D. Young active larvae soon after birth. Note the nipples and little grooves 

 around them in A b, b, b, and in C &, b. (B redrawn from Alwood, the remainder 

 original drawings by Miss A. Hearle.) 



width. This lighter area varies in color from a dirty white to yellowish-brown or 

 yellow, and if very carefully examined with a good hand lens will usually be seen to 

 consist of two portions : First an outer belt occupying a little more than half the space 

 and an inner area usually a little more elevated than the outer, and with a tiny knob 

 or nipple in the centre. Sometimes, but by no means always, a little depressed ring 

 or groove can be seen around this nipple. Occasionally a black fungus growth con- 

 ceals this central area, or a thin waxy film may entirely or partly cover it, but if 

 these are gently rubbed off the normal color will be found beneath. 



(6) Adult male. (See Fig. 30 a) : — Shape irregularly oval or elliptical, about 

 twice as long as broad ; length, about half the total diameter of the adult female ; 

 width, as implied, about half the length. Adult male scales are therefore very 

 much smaller than the adult females, not being more than 1-5 the size. The general 

 color varies from a light gray or grayish-brown to black. N'ear one end is a circular 

 area, in the centre of which is to be seen a little knob or nipple which often, but not 



