LIFE HISTORY. 



The insects, as already mentioned above, pass the winter in the small 

 black circular immature stage. In this stage hoth males and' females are alike. 

 After the warm weather comes in the spring the male scales begin to elongate until 

 they become oblong, and as described on page 9. (See Fig. 3Ca.) Towards the 

 latter part of May (this year May 20th or 21st), the living insects beneath the scale 

 covers have become winged, and back out from beneath the cover. Fig. 5 shows 

 the appearance of one of these male adults, but is of course much enlarged, since 

 the insect itself is so small that it can only with difficulty be seen without the aid of 

 a hand lens. The general color of the body is orange. There are only two wings 

 each with two veins in it. The antennae are long and conspicuous, and, projecting 

 from the end of the body, is a long style, which makes it very easy to distinguish 

 the male from tiny parasites or other small insects. (Any winged parasites that 

 might be found would have four wings instead of two.) Soon after emerg- 



Fig. 4. Full-grown female from beneath scale, showing the very long sucking tube, 

 composed of several tiny bristles; greatly enlarged. (After Howard and Marlatt.) 



ence the males move around in search of the females. The latter then begin to 

 increase in size, and towards the middle of June have reached the size and appear- 

 ance described on page 9. (See also fig. 3A.) They now begin to give birth to 

 living young, no eggs being laid hy this species, contrary to what we find in the 

 case of most other scales, even very closely allied species. Each female produces 

 several young a day, and may continue to do this for 40 or 50 days, so that the 

 total number of young from each may be over 400. (At St. Catharines young 

 larvae began to appear this year on June 25th, and last year, 1912, on July 1st. 

 June 20th is probably about the average date). For a few hours after birth the 

 young larvae remain by the mother insect under the protection of her covering 

 scale, and can easily be seen by lifting this up. They then come out and run around 

 actively for an average of about 24 hours. During this time they may have 

 travelled several feet from the mother insect, but more frequently the distance is 

 only a few inches, and not uncommonly if they have moved away at all they return 

 to her again. At the end of about twenty-four hours they insert their little sucking 

 beaks through the bark or the surface of the leaf or fruit on which they may happen 



