24 



backward and forward as shown in Fig. 21. In some cases there is danger of an 

 air space being left at the lower point of the spade, and this should be guarded 

 against. If the soil is very loose and sandy, the plant may need to be placed in 

 position before the spade is removed to prevent the filling up of the planting- 

 hole. 





1 % 



m 



/,"! 



/ 'i 



ii\ 



Wif^^(tW&&M 



I 'I / 



Fig. 22. — (a) Grub hoe. ib) Planting mattock- (e) Sod removed from planting hole. 



The planting hole may also be made by using the mattock or grub hoe. (Fig. 

 22). The soil is loosened with one of these tools and the planting hole can be 

 made with the broad edge of tbe tool. 



Fig. 23. — Showing use of mattock in planting on rough ground with stiff turf. 



If it is desired to plant in rough conditions where the running of furrows is 

 impracticable, other methods may be followed. Where there exists a dense turf 

 in stony soils the mattock or grub hoes (Fig. 22), may be of great service. The 

 sod can be cut off with the grub hoe or mattock and the soil loosened with a pick, 

 or in case of using the mattock by using the picklike part of the mattock. In 



