flaiteaea against the base of the cell, but may turn so that the ends of the larva 

 are to the rear of the cell (Fig. 4 /?.), or may fall away from the base (Fig. 4, e, g, 

 I). Later the color changes to a decided yellow or gray and the translucency is 

 lost (Fig. 4, q, h). The yellow color may be taken as the chief characteristic of 

 this disease. The dead larva appears as a moist, somewhat collapsed mass, giving 

 thfi appearance of being melted. When the remains have become almost dry (Fi''. 

 4^ c), the tracheae sometimes become conspicuous again, this time by retaining 

 their shape, while the rest of the body content dries around them. Finally, all 

 that is left of the larva is a grayish-brown scale against the base of the cell (Fig. 4, 

 /, h), or a shapeless mass on the lower side wall if the larva did not retain its 

 normal position (Fig. 4, n, o). Very few scales are black. The scales are not 

 adhesive, but are easily removed, and the bees carry out a great many in their 

 efforts to clean house. 



" Decaying larvae which have died of this disease are usually not ropy as in 

 American foul brood, but a slight ropiness is sometimes observed. There is usually 

 little odor in European foul brood, but sometimes a sour odor is present, which re- 

 minds one of yeast fermentation. This disease attacks drone and queen larvae* 

 almost as quickly as those of the workers. 



'European foul brood is more destructive during the spring and early summer 

 than at other times, often entirely disappearing during late summer and autumn, 

 or daring a heavy honey flow._ Italian bees seem to be better able to resist the 

 ravages of this disease than any other race. The disease at times spreads with 

 startling rapidity and is most destructive. Where it is prevalent a considerably 

 larger percentage of colonies is affected than is usual for American foul brood. 

 This disease is very variable in its symptoms and other manifestations and is often 

 a puzzle to the beekeeper," 



One exception, however, will be taken to the above description. In most cases 

 examined in Ontario the odor is found to be very pronounced and offensive, like 

 decayed fish; in fact, on a warm, moist morning it is noticed on entering the 

 apiary, and. when a diseased comb is held up for inspection, is almost sickening. 



Use Same Treatment and Italianize. 



The same treatment already described for American Foul Brood is effectual, 

 if appKed to the whole apiary at once. But the cure is only permanent when pure- 

 bred Italian queens are introduced to all black or hybrid stocks. It is quite im- 

 possible to cure an apiary of black bees of European Foul Brood without intro- 

 ducing pure Italian queens to all colonies. 



We know of no reason why this plague should not sweep over Ontario as it 

 has over most of the United States, If it does all apiaries of black bees will be prac- 

 tically destroyed within the next few years. Its progress in the districts mentioned 

 above has been appalling. Xo Grovemment expenditure can touch the situation 

 without the co-operation of the men themselves whose property is in danger. There 

 is a remedy, however, right to hand. Pure-bred leather-colored Italian bees are 

 almost immune to European Foul Brood. 



It is very important, then, that all apiaries, especialhj in or near infected 



neighborhoods, should he Italianized at once, without waiting for a destructive 



outbreak of disease. 



*The tendency of tbls disease to attack queen larvje is a serious drawback in 

 treatment. Frequently the bees of a diseased colony attempt to supersede their queen, 

 but the larvae in the queen cells often die, leaving the colony hopelessly queenless. 

 The colony is thus depleted very rapidly. 



