10 



Lining the ends of the boxes, if the lumber is dressed, is unnecessary, and 

 therefore a needless expense. For exhibition purposes it is perhaps admissable to 

 use it; otherwise never. 



Larjer Paper. This should be used only for exhibition fruit and that intended 

 for long distance shipment, as to Great Britain. Its use should be confined to 

 these purposes and perhaps also to the highest dessert trade. 



Styles of Packs. 



The style of packing has changed considerably in the last few years. The old 

 style straight four-tier has practically given way to the diagonal pack for several 

 reasons. With the straight pack each apple rests directly on the one below it and 

 there is therefore great danger of bruising. With the diagonal pack, no one apple 

 rests directly on another, but cushions in between the apples below, thus greatly 

 reducing any chance of bruising. The diagonal pack lends itself to a much 

 greater variety of sizes and shapes of apples. It is far easier to make a good com- 

 mercial pack with the diagonal and more weight of apples is secured to the box 

 as the apples fit more into the crevices, making less waste space. 



The third system of packing — the ofiE-set — is generally considered inferior to 

 the diagonal. However, it is sometimes desirable to use it with inexperienced and 

 unscrupulous packers, as a single apple of improper size will bring about a condition 

 through the general pack and on the surface layer that cannot be covered up. Any 

 defect in the pack is easily seen. With the diagonal system it is much easier to 

 vary the size of the fruit in the bottom and centre layers without materially spoil- 

 ing the appearance on top. Only on opening the box at its final destination will 

 the poor work be discovered. On the other hand, when both systems are properly 

 used, the diagonal is more to be desired for the reason that fewer of the apples 

 come in the straight pack sizes. Again, in the off-set pack the spaces show at the 

 sides, giving the box an unfilled appearance, whereas, in the diagonal, only small 

 spaces occur, and these at the ends of the box. Another point against the off-set is 

 that it contains from four to twelve apples less than the diagonal, making the box 

 light in weight. 



Straight Pack. In this pack the rows run straight across the box and parallel 

 to the sides. It includes all the three, four, and five tier apples. The straight 

 pack is very neat in appearance, but, as stated before, it is rather severe on the fruit 

 as each apple tends to press directly against surrounding apples rather than into 

 the crevices or spaces. 



The apples are placed in the box in various ways, depending on the shape and 

 variety, and whether the fruit is wrapped or not. Thus sometimes they are packed 

 on their sides and sometimes flat. As a general rule it is better to have the top 

 and bottom layers with stems towards the outside, if possible, in unwrapped fruit. 

 In this way the apples do not tend to bruise so easily, as a greater bearing space is 

 given for the lid. Even if they do bruise, the apples are not so badly disfigured 

 for the retail trade where they are generally arranged calyx-end up. 



The straight pack is so simple, in theory at least, as to require very little ex- 

 planation concerning the theory of packing. It is necessary to remember only one 

 thing; the apples must fit snugly both across the box and lengthwise. In packing 

 some varieties on their sides it will sometimes be found necessary to turn the end 

 rows flat in order to make the apples fit tight. When it becomes necessary to do 

 this, the ends of two layers at one end of the box and the ends of the other two 



