12 



Remedies : Sprinkle poisoned bait between the rows (prepared 

 according to the formula), but keep poultry away at such times. The cut- 

 worms always bury themselves in the soil before they die. 



Aphis (Aphis brassicce) : Minute, soft-bodied insects, covered with 

 a coat of fine, waxy powder. They have sucking mouth parts, and 

 extract the juices from beneath the surface of the leaf. They multiply very 

 rapidly, and about mid-summer the under surface of the leaves becomes 

 literally covered by them. 



Remedies : Spray with whale-oil soap, prepared by dissolving one 

 pound of the soap in from four to six gallons of the water, and apply as 

 in the case of kerosene emulsion. 



(Fungi). 



Club Root (Plasmodiophora brassicce) : This disease is caused by 

 a slime-fungus, and is characterized by irregular enlargements or galls on 

 the roots, and by the spindling nature of the affected cabbage, which 

 makes little or no head. The cells of the galls are abnormally large, and, 

 before maturity, contain a grey or brown granular mass of protoplasm. 

 At maturity this mass is converted into spores, which later are set free 

 in the soil. Naked moving bits of protoplasm escape from the spores, 

 and it is believed that they enter the plants by the root-hairs. Turnips, 

 radish, mustard, shepherd's purse, and other members of the Cruciferae 

 are liable to this disease. 



Treatment : As the spores may remain dormant for several years in 

 the soil, infected fields should not be used for the same crop for several 

 years ; cabbage on soils rich in lime suffer but little from Club-Root, hence 

 it is advisable to apply a coating of slaked lime (75 bushels to the acre) ; 

 weeds, such as mustard and Shepherd's Purse, should be looked after 

 carefully ; on no account put Club-root refuse on the manure or compost 

 heap, but burn it; "manure from cows fed with clubbed roots will easily 

 infect crops." 



Black Rot (Pseudomonas campestris) : This is a bacterial disease of 

 cabbage, cauliflower, rape, and Swede turnip, and spreads rapidly in low, 

 damp soils during rainy, moist weather. The lower leaves are usually 

 first attacked, where the veins turn black and the leaves wilt. 



Treatment : Remove and destroy diseased plants ; avoid low, damp 

 soils, and rotate the crops. 



Soft Rot (Bacillus oleraceoe), is another bacterial disease of cabbage 

 and cauliflower. (See O.A.C. Bulletin 136.) 



Carrots. 



(Insects). 



The Carrot Rust Fly (Psila roses) : Semi-transparent, yellowish 

 maggots, about one-fourth of an inch long, blunt at the tail end, but 



