23 



some general divisions can be made which will aid the prospective 

 planter. In nature we find White Elm and Arborvitae growing- in dry 

 situations on high land, but these same species have a better development 

 in low moist soils. Some light, shifting, sandy soils produced magnifi- 

 cent trees, but when cleared left the soil unprotected. Such soils may 

 at first require species adapted to poorer sites, but after protection has 

 been obtained more valuable species making higher demands on the soil 

 may be used. 



The soils of denuded lands are very deceptive 

 in relation to tree growth, as may be shown by the 

 following : In Durham County there are sandy 

 ridges which in some localities are blowing and 

 shifting badly. The sandy soil in these places 

 would seem too dry for any kind of growth. How- 

 ever, upon going down about six inches we find 

 plenty of moisture throughout the summer, and this 

 dry looking soil is well suited for tree growth. 



The following general classification may be 

 made as a suggestion based so far as native species 

 are concerned on original and present distribution 

 in Ontario. It must be noted in this classification 

 that species are placed from the standpoint of en- 

 durance ; that is, certain species will endure ex- 

 tremes of dry and wet, but would of course grow 

 in the medium condition of fresh soil. In forest 

 planting it is necessary to find species which will 

 endure the extremes. 



Classification made in relation to moisture con- 

 tent of soil : — 



Very Wet Soil : Arborvitae, Tamarac, Black 

 Ash. 



Wet Soil : Norway Spruce, White Spruce, 

 White Pine, White Elm, Bur Oak, Red and White 

 Maple, Tulip. 



Fresh Soil : White Oak, White Ash, Rock Elm, 

 Black Cherry, Sugar Maple, Black Walnut, Chest- 

 nut. 



Dry Soil : Red Pine, Scotch Pine, European 

 Larch, Red Oak, Chestnut, Black Locust. 

 Scotch Pine, Red Pine. 



Fig. 11 — Beech tree, 

 with 60 feet of clean 

 stem, growing on non- 

 agricultural soil. 



Very Dry Soil 



Classification made in relation to tenacity by which we say a soil is 

 stiff or loose, heavy clay soil and light shifting sand being the two ex- 

 tremes : — 



Heavy Clay Soil : Norway Spruce, Arborvitae, White Pine, White 

 Elm, Rock Elm, Red and White Maple, Black Cherry, Black Locust. 



