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Red Oak and Black Walnut should not be planted alone to form a 

 plantation. These species do not form crown cover or canopy enough 

 to protect the soil and obtain the desirable forest soil condition. Mixtures 

 ot Red Oak and White Pine will probably give good results, although 

 our lack of experience with native species makes it difficult to advise 

 mixtures. In many waste lands there are spots in which the soil is 

 better than that of the general area. In waste sand lands there are fre- 

 quently low areas where the moisture content of the soil is better than 

 the average. In planting such lands where the White Pine is being used 

 to stock the area, these spots could be filled with Red Oak. 



Planting in Swamp or Marshy Land. 



Frequently there exists on the farm a portion of low or swamp land 

 which has been cleared of trees but which cannot be drained satisfactorily 

 for cultivation. 



Swamp land planting presents certain difficulties which make it ad- 

 visable to give definite instruction as to treatment. When continual over- 

 flowing exists during spring or rainy seasons, little can be done in the 

 way of practical planting. Before spending time or money in swamp 

 planting the possibilities of future drainage should be considered. Many 

 swamp soils, when drained, will become valuable agricultural lands. In 

 exceptional cases, where tree growth is desired, mounds can be thrown 

 up on which lowland species can be planted. 



In most Ontario types of swampland there exists many spots which 

 are higher and better drained than the main part of the swamp. On 

 such spots, in the natural conditions in Ontario, we frequently find White 

 Pine thriving well. The better class of such spots may be planted with 

 White Pine, White Spruce, Arborvitae, White Elm, Red Maple and 

 Silver Maple. The poorer parts of the area may be stocked by using 

 cuttings or slips of Poplar and Willow. 



Planting Clumps for Protection to Stock. 



On stock and dairy farms clumps of trees afford valuable protection 

 during the heat of the day. It is a common sight to see animals retreat 

 to the shelter of trees which may happen to stand in the field. In per- 

 manent pastures and even in fields occasionally used for pasturage small 

 clumps of trees could be planted in corners on waste portions of the 

 field if any existed. It would be necessary to fence in such planting and 

 give it protection till the trees reached a size of three or four inches in 

 diameter. 



Deciduous trees, as Box Elder, White Elm, or Soft Maples, would be 

 best suited for such work. Box Elder and White Elm grow fast, de- 



