scale and leaf curl. Applications must be thorough. Good nozzles and 

 a pump with high pressure to produce a fine spray are essential. Cost 

 of spraying per tree is variable, depending on management, weather con- 

 ditions, labor, kind and cost of fuel and spraying supplies, and degree 

 of thoroughness in spraying. In spraying trees from five to eight years 

 of age, the cost of treatment will vary from 5c to 13c per tree in com- 

 mercial orchards. Apples from thirty to fifty years of age will cost from 

 20c. to 50c. per tree to obtain reliable results on scale." 



"Treatment of old apple orchards has not been usually successful 

 and is largely due to lack of thoroughness in spraying. The best results 

 on scale for these large apples are obtained by careful pruning of trees 

 and by spraying with sulphur washes and crude petroleum on alternate 

 years. By this system of treatment, orchardists that were fearful of los- 

 ing their orchards have this year marketed comparatively clean crops. 

 Average cost of sulphur wash per tree, 36c, crude petroleum, 59c. 

 Crude petroleum is a most efficient spray on scale, but may injure trees. 

 It is believed that for results of work, applications of sulphur wash 

 or crude oil emulsion, twenty-five per cent, oil, would prove equally 

 effective on scale without risks of appreciable injuries to trees. Com- 

 mercial insecticides, in all but two of experimental orchards, were much 

 less effective than the sulphur wash." 



C. L. Marlatt, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in 

 Bulletin No. 62, issued December 5, 1906, states as follows : "The con- 

 trol of the San Jose Scale by parasitic and predacious enemies is increas- 

 ing all the time, but there seems to be no likelihood that either such 

 natural enemies as are now in this country or those which may hereafter 

 be imported will ever do more than merely lessen the abundance of the 

 scale. In other words, from past experience, and from a large acquaint- 

 ance with other similar scale pests, it is extremely improbable that even 

 under the most favorable circumstances will such natural enemies reduce 

 this scale as much as would one thorough treatment with the lime-sulphur 

 wash or other standard remedy." 



"The methods of control which have been especially followed in the 

 Eastern States are (1) the lime-sulphur wash, (2) the soap treatment, (3) 

 treatment with pure kerosene, (4) treatment with crude petroleum, (5) 

 treatment with mechanical mixtures of either of the last two oils with 

 water, and (6) petroleum emulsion with soap. All of these methods have 

 proved themselves successful against the San Jose Scale when properly 

 carried out. As compared with the lime-sulphur wash, the others men- 

 tioned are more expensive, and the two oils, unless carefully applied, are 

 likely to injure the treated plants, and are now seldom used. One's choice 

 of method must therefore be governed by availability, special needs and 

 experience. " 



"A vast amount of experience of the most practical kind gained 

 since 1894, contributed to by all the eastern experiment stations and by 

 the big commercial fruit growers of the Middle and Eastern States, has 



