kind should be permitted to remain in the orchard or garden. The trees 

 themselves should be kept clean by scraping off all rough loose bark. All 

 this should be done in order to leave no hiding place or shelter for insects 

 during their chrysalis or pupal stage, and to compel them to seek else- 

 where for winter quarters or perish. Spring and autumn, when work is 

 not very pressing, are good times for a general cleaning up, and tree 

 scraping may be done at any time during the winter when the weather 

 happens to be mild. But the gathering up of fallen fruit should be done 

 daily in order to leave no time for the Codling worm or other pest to 

 escape. 



In the warfare against noxious insects Nature provides an army of 

 assistants which in a natural condition of things would keep the destruc- 

 tive hordes in check, but where all vegetation is swept away to make room 

 for a few cultivated varieties, the balance is upset and our friends are 

 insufficient for the task, though they afford material help. All our in- 

 sectivorous birds should be protected and encouraged, especially the 

 woodpeckers and chickadees, which remain with us all winter. The 

 former destroy an immense number of borers, codling-worms, etc., and 

 the latter pick out many minute insects that spend the winter about the 

 bids and in crevices in the bark of trees. Toads, snakes, and skunks, 

 though generally regarded with aversion, are really most useful crea- 

 tines, and assist very largely in reducing the numbers of destructive in- 

 sects. 



INSECTS AFFECTING THE APPLE. 



The Codling Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella), Figs, i and 2. The 

 insect that causes the greatest amount of annual loss to the Ontario fruit- 

 grower is, no doubt, the Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), and yet 

 probably not one orchardist in fifty has ever seen the moth itself. It is 

 very small, flies only at night, is not attracted by either lights or sweets, 

 and consequently can rarely be obtained except by breeding it from the 

 worm. Everyone, however, is familiar with the worm or caterpillar which 

 feeds in the interior of the fruit. The moth lays her scale-like eggs about 

 the time the trees are in bloom on the leaves, stem or skin of the young 

 apple. In a few days the larva is hatched out and proceeds to burrow 

 into the fruit, usually in the cavity at the calyx end. After a time the 

 infested apple falls to the ground, the worm emerges, and usually finds 

 its way to the tree, where it forms its cocoon under the bark or other 

 shelter. Throughout the southern counties of Ontario there are two 

 broods in the year, but east of Toronto and north of that latitude there 

 is usually but one brood, though a small percentage may develop early 

 and produce a second. This is a point in the life-history of the insect of 

 very great importance, and every fruit-grower should endeavor to find 

 out whether there are two or only one brood in his own locality. 



la bull. 158 



