10 



both the females are wing-less, and therefore they do not spread from one 

 orchard to another with much rapidity. Usually their arrival may be 

 traced to some nearby forest tree, as they are very general feeders. 



The eggs are laid in masses upon the twigs of the trees and the 

 young worms hatch out as soon as the opening buds begin to unfold their 

 leaves. They are slender pale green measuring-worms, so called from 

 their method of crawling by alternately looping up and extending the 

 body ; this process is rendered necessary owing to the absence of pro- 

 legs under the middle segments. (Fig. 14, c.) Feeding as they do upon 

 the tender young foliage, they are capable of inflicting great damage both 

 to leaves and blossoms, but they may be destroyed by a spraying early 

 in the season, just as the buds are opening, with Paris green or other 

 poison. 



The chrysalids are formed in the ground, and may be destroyed by 

 deep- plowing, and the wingless female moths may be prevented from 

 ascending the trees to lay their eggs by bandages of tar or other sticky 

 material, or by projecting flanges of tin or fine wire-netting. 



Fig. 14. Canker-worm ; a, eggs, natural size ; b, magnified ; c, caterpillar ; d, cocoon ; 

 e, chrysalis ; /, male moth ; g, female moth. 



Fig. 15. Eye-spotted Bud-moth and caterpillar. 



The Eye-Spotted Bud-Moth (Tmetocera ocellana), Fig. 15. Early 

 in the spring the small brown caterpillars of this insect come out of the 

 silken cases in which they have spent the winter and proceed to attack 

 the opening buds, which are speedily ruined. Both leaf and blossom buds 

 are destroyed, the flowers and leaves being tied together to form a shelter 

 and devoured by the hidden inmate ; sometimes, especially in young nurs- 

 ery trees, the caterpillar also bores down into the young shoots and 

 causes severe injury. When full grown, about the middle of June, it is 

 half an inch long, dark brown with a black head and collar ; it then 

 pupates and the small moth comes out ten days later. This moth is of an 



