18 



through which the newly hatched grub bores, and forms its broad burrow 

 immediately under the bark. The channels thus made sometimes extend 

 completely round, so as to girdle and cause the death of the tree or limb. 

 This larva differs very much from the preceding in having the seg- 

 ment next the head broad and flat and much larger than those following, 

 and is usually to be found with the posterior half of the body very much 

 curved ; it takes but a single year to complete its life period. Attacking, 

 as it does, all parts of the tree, the preventive measures suggested for 

 the Round-headed Borer are of no avail unless the wash is applied to 

 limbs and branches as well as trunk. When discovered the grubs may 

 be killed with a knife ; but their presence is not readily seen. Wood- 

 peckers, however, have no difficulty in finding out the burrows and de- 

 vour large numbers, and the presence of these birds in the orchard should 

 by all means be encouraged. , 



As this beetle attacks a number of forest trees, such as oak, beech, 

 birch, elm, etc., as well as mountain ash and many other cultivated trees, 

 it is necessary to see that no dead or dying trees are left near the orchard 

 to serve as breeding places. They might, however, serve as traps, if care 

 was taken to burn them up before the month of May. 



The Shot-Hole Borer, or Fruit-Tree Bark Beetle (Scolytus ru- 

 gulosus) is another enemy of Apple and other fruit-trees. The former 

 name is given to the insect from its presence being made known by a 

 large number of small round holes, looking as if they had been made 

 with fine shot from a gun. These are the openings which the beetle has 

 made in penetrating the bark and also in coming out. The mature insect 

 is cylindrical in form and black in color and about one-tenth of an inch 

 in length. Though so small, it does a great deal of damage by making 

 a great number of galleries in the surface of the wood just beneath the 

 bark, which cause it to dry up, and by boring vertical tunnels deep into 

 the wood. Being so minute its presence is not known until it has pro- 

 duced the "shot-holes" and inflicted much damage. The only remedy 

 seems to be to cut off and burn all affected limbs, and to leave no dead 

 wood lying about to serve as breeding places. 



INSECTS AFFECTING THE PEAR. 



Most, if not all, of the insects that attack the Apple are equally in- 

 jurious to the Pear, but there are a few additional kinds to which atten- 

 tion must be drawn. 



2a BULL. 158 



