NKCKSSITY (»F ULTIMATK lOKESTATloN. 31 



pnu-ticiilly valiu^U'ss. It sociiis that it is noft'ssurv to start such a 

 shnil) or hush as the IjaylxM-rv. This is not lujurod l)v tlic unfavor- 

 able conditious, and seedlings of pines and oaks may with safety 1)0 

 introdueed aiuono- the bushes. P>cn the plantinu' of the pine seeds 

 and acorns has with this protection been successful. 



Several species of woody plants have been tried with \aryinjr suc- 

 cess. The following have been found to be xuiadapted to the con- 

 ditions: Seaside pine {Pinus marith/ia), tree of heaven {Allonthna 

 glavdulom)^ irouwood {(htryu mrgivhtna)^ European hirch {lictnhi 

 alia), tiuuarack {Taiaarix (jdlllca), poplar {Populm (ilh<t), larch {LarUv 

 sp.), willow {/S,///'.r sp.), and privet {JJ</iisfniiii rxh/an). Too uuich 

 weight should not be given to the unsuccessful attempts with the 

 willow and poplai-, as they have made a vigorous growth on the sand 

 within the city limits, and their behavior elsewhere, under almost 

 as adverse conditions, ap])ears to at least justify a more extended trial. 



The successful species are comparatively few in luunber. Of the 

 pines, pitch pine {PIiiuk r/'</id<(), Austrian pine (/'. laricio), and Scotch 

 pine (/*. st/Jrestri.s) arc proved successes. The pitch pine is used most 

 extensively, as it grows naturally in the adjacent forests, and young 

 trees and cones can be obtained in almost uidimited (juantities. The 

 black locust {Rohlvla jtMendacacla) and the European or black alder 

 {Almis <//>(/ i/io.sa), though not occupying extensive areas, have proved 

 thoroughly adapted to the conditions, and it is the plan to increase 

 the plantings of these two species. The Scotch broom {Oytlsus 

 scoparkcs) is w^cll adapted to the conditions with the one exception 

 of not l)eing pcrfectl}^ hard}", as many small areas have been killed 

 by one or t>vo excessively cold winters, though much of the original 

 planting is still alive and vigorous. The plant does not spread readily 

 from seed, as the severe conditions prohibit its existence in the early 

 seedling stage, and furthermore, the seed being large and con- 

 spicuous is readily eaten by birds and small animals. The growth is 

 very dense, and even scattered bunches would prevent the sand 

 from shifting, but its semihardiness makes it decidedly inferior to 

 the bay berry, which is locally abundant, perfectly hardy, and easily 

 transplanted. The bayberry has formed the bulk of the pioneer 

 plantings of woody growth, and used in connection with the beach 

 grass appears to ha the only necessary forerunner of the pines. 



Miscellaneous Operations on the Sand. 



Besides the reclamation processes leading to the ultimate reforesta- 

 tion of the dunes, there are a number of other operations which have 

 ameliorated to some extent the adverse conditions incident to the 

 sand dunes. Among these may be mentioned the construction of 

 roads, formation of cranberr}" bogs, etc. , the development of a sod in 

 pastures, cemeteries, and lawns, and the accumulation of sand to form 

 a beach ridge for harbor protection. 



