400 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 



the other reaches some distance, but falls in drops, sprinkling like 

 rain. Where we have to reach into the tree tops, by turning this 

 valve (indicating) jou will notice we get a different effect. You see 

 that the one is of larger drops than the other; that is, it is doing 

 niore sprinkling than spraying. The double nozzle is not generally 

 used by the hand sprayer. The spray is a water mist and does not 

 require much power for that. The man who has an orchard must 

 use a larger apparatus. The point that I wish particularly to make 

 in showing this apparatus is that we add the kerosene in the vessel 

 and at the instant the spray itself is made, and the chemical mix- 

 ture is effected. For the peach or plum we use from 10 to 15 per 

 cent, of kerosene; for the apple and pear from 15 to 20 per cent, of 

 kerosene; for lice on any animals or in poultry house a 10 to 30 per 

 cent, kerosene mixture is recommended. T have never tried it in 

 that quantity. 



A Member: How strong should it be for rose bushes? 



PROF. SURFACE : Fifteen per cent, kerosene is the average. I 

 have used that successfully upon rose bushes this year. Another 

 thing that I can recommend instead of the kerosene mixtures is 

 whale oil soap, one pound to six or eight gallons of water. I have 

 nsed that this year on many kinds of leaves, for the slug, etc., on 

 rose leaves and for plant lice. The only thing is, that when it is 

 used on an extensive scale, it is expensive. If applied to a large 

 orchard it is expensive; but so far a few plants in the orchard or 

 garden I should recommend whale oil soap in most cases. There 

 are two well known manufacturers of this soap, one in New York 

 and the other in Philadelphia. I have used Good's Caustic Potash 

 ^^'hale Oil Soap (941 Front St., Philadelphia), with the best results. 

 This mixing apparatus does not require any material as expensive 

 as that. For using the whale oil soap, kerosene emulsion, Bordeaux 

 mixture, or Paris green, this pump is all that is needed. 



In the first place, the man who does not spray for plant diseases 

 is not up to the times at all. We cannot handle the blights, the mil- 

 'iews, the rusts, black knots, rots, anthracnose and other kinds of 

 plant diseases without spraying apparatus and the proper remedy. 

 For such diseases the Bordeaux mixture is generally used success- 

 fully. W^e can combine the Bordeaux mixture with poisons, such 

 as Paris green and arsenite of lime, and thus produce a mixture 

 that is both an insecticide and a fungicide. The Bordeaux mixture 

 Is simply made. Take four pounds of quick lime; dissolve four 

 pounds of sulphate of copper in warm water, but not in the metal 

 vessel; then pour them together slowly in 50 gallons of water, 

 stirring as it is done, and you have Bordeaux mixture. This mix- 

 ture is not to kill insects. It is excellent to drive off flea beetles or 

 small insects that are putting holes through the leaves of the potato 



