No. <;. DEPAKTMIOMT OF AmtTrMTLTUliE. 403 



A Member: Please sia1(» once more I Ik- hcsl (imo for spraying 

 for the scale. 



riiOF. SURFACJK: For snmmer ajtplicationM of all scah; insects 

 I he latter half of the month of June. For the i)lnm scale, (ho San 

 Jose Scale or any kind of scale, the middle of June in general. The 

 ''oyster shell" should be treated in the early part of August. 



Scale insects are spread in four ways: 1. By the feet of birds; 

 the young insects creep on their feet and the birds fly away and carry 

 them to other trees. This is proven by the fact that frequently 

 wherever the bird nests the scale starts in that part of the tree 

 where the nest was located. 2. The wind blows them. 3. Another 

 way is where the branches of the trees overlap and they creep fron?. 

 one tree to another; and 4th, they are carried by persons and ani . 

 mals upon which they fall. 



A Member: Is this scale white? 



PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; in its young stage it is first yellow, 

 then white, and finally becomes gray with a dark center. You will 

 know the San Jose Scale from all others. 



After it gets past the light yellow and moving stage it is per- 

 fectly circular with a little dark mound right in the centre. 

 Branches infested with it look as though they had b(M^n washed with 

 ashes. 



A Member: Does it leave a red spot. 



PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; especially on green fruit and young 

 shoots. We do not realize the importance of that insect, and if any 

 of you suspect its presence send me samples. I have a strong power 

 microscope in my office for this work. 



Gentlemen, this is a great question. I think I am the only man 

 in the State of Pennsylvania who is working to-day, professionally, 

 on the subject of P]conomic Entomolog3^ It is a subject that covers 

 a loss of over |20,000,000 a year in the Keystone State. If you 

 should go to the Legislature and ask for the smallest part of money 

 that we need to experiment or combat with these foes they would 

 hold up their hands in horror. 



Gentlemen, there is not a tree in all this region from which I can 

 not at this moment take an insect that is injuring it. There is an 

 average of about six species or kinds of insects on each species of 

 plants, and 271 on the apple tree alone. There are 15,000 kinds of 

 insects in the State of Pennsylvania and the loss that you suffer 

 from their attacks is an actual clear loss just as though it were 

 taken out of your pockets. 



A Member: In our barn and the sleepers of the house if anything 

 is laid down it is covered with a white flour. What is that? 



