32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



made good by later treatments, though the latter are undoubtedly- 

 helpful. The equipment should be such that the trees could be 

 thoroughly and quickly covered with the spray and the men doing 

 the work should have a full appreciation of the difficulties and the 

 possibilities. The last is by no means an insignificant factor in 

 securing thorough work. A liberal application should be made at 

 this time and the aim should be to fill every calyx cup with poison, 

 since it is at this point that most of the killing occurs. The second 

 application for the codling moth may be effective in reducing " side 

 injury " or " shallow " affected fruit to some extent, though condi- 

 tions the past two seasons would indicate no very marked gain in 

 this respect and a comparison of percentages between the different 

 plots shows a remarkable consistency in the proportion of * ' shallow ' ' 

 affected apples between the sprayed and the unsprayed trees. The 

 elimination of this type of injury, we believe, as stated last year, 

 must depend very largely upon the treatment of the preceding 

 season; in other words, the clean orchard kept clean by thorough 

 and systematic spraying year after year will suffer very much less 

 from injury of this kind. 



The light crop of the past season has emphasized very strongly 

 the effect a scanty yield may have upon the proportion of wormy 

 apples, percentages nmning considerably higher than in the two 

 preceding years. The high prices realized for fruit is an additional 

 incentive for thorough spraying. 



Evening temperatures have a decided effect upon the periodicity 

 of oviposition, though the climatic and other conditions were 

 unfavorable the past season, as well as the preceding, for the 

 obtaining of any sharply defined data. The conclusions of last 

 year are borne out by the records obtained the past season. 



Both the second and third sprayings for the codling moth, even 

 if they have comparatively little influence in reducing the numbers 

 of this pest, are abundantly justified in localities or during seasons 

 when scab is more or less prevalent, assuming of course that a 

 fungicide is universally added to the poisoned spray. 



There was no such widespread injury to foliage as a result of 

 spraying the past season as obtained the preceding year, though in 

 a few instances a perceptible amount of burning was traceable to 

 overloading the leaves with a spray which under normal conditions 

 would be harmless. Forcible, moderately strong applications can 

 not be driven upon the leaves without danger of burning. There 

 should be a distance of 6 to 8 feet, in some cases possibly more, 

 between the nozzle and the foliage. 



