110 NEBRASKA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 



ripen. When many of them show discolored spots and the berries them- 

 selves become shrunken, an examination of these injured fruits will re- 

 veal the presence of a small whitish larva which has burrowed through 

 the pulp from the original discolored spot. The attack may involve also 

 the seeds of the grape. These larvae may pass from one berry to another 

 spinning silken strands between the attacked berries as they do so and 

 causing the exudation of the juices of the fruit. The general appearance 

 of the injurj' is much like that produced by the disease known as black 

 rot. 



As the larva becomes full grown it turns darker in color, assuming 

 a deep greenish or brownish hue. Then it leaves the grape, and, migrat- 

 ing to a leaf, cuts out a little flap in the graps leaf which it folds over and 

 fastens with silk, thus forming a little pocket in which it transforms 

 Into the pupa stage. In ten or twelve days a small slate colored moth 

 "With reddish brown markings emerges from this leaf pocket and soon 

 commences depositing eggs for the next brood of larvae. This applies to 

 the second and third broods of the insect, which develop on the green 

 grapes in July and on the ripening grapes in August and September. The 

 first brood of this insect is usually quite small and produces no obvious 

 harm, so that usually no protective measures are taken against it, but 

 in the second and third broods the insect multiplies very rapidly and may 

 become very numerous and destructive. The last brood of larvae remains 

 in the pockets it has formed through the winter and gives forth moths 

 early in the spring, which deposit eggs to form the first brood of the next 

 year. 



The grape-berry moth attacks all varieties of grapes but especially 

 the tender skinned sorts which form dense bunches. Aside from grapes 

 it may breed in the seed bunches of sumac and in tulip and magnolia 

 leaves. Instances of the destruction of one-half to three quarters of a 

 grape crop by this insect have occured in several grape growing regions 

 of the eastern United States. 



The chief means of controlling the grape-berry moth, especially in 

 the larger vineyards is to promptly collect and burn all the fallen leaves 

 _^and badly injured fruit in the fall, thus destroying the hibernating brood 

 of larvae and pupae. Early gathering and shipping of the fruit removes 

 the larvae from the vineyards before they have left the berries and located 

 in the leaves. The destruction of the fallen fruit is also helpful. The 

 practice of bagging the grape cluster as soon as the fruit has set is an 

 adequate protection against this insect and also against the black rot 

 of the grape. Spraying is useful only against the first brood, which 

 develops on the leaves and tendrils of the vine, and, owing to the small 

 numbers of this brood and its probable diffusion upon other plants beside 

 the grape, the value of this treatment is largely offset. 



The Mulberry Borer — (Dorcliaschema alternatum Say). 



This round headed borer proved to be a serious pest among the mul- 

 berry tree in the vicinity of Lincoln during the spring of 1908. The injur- 



