204 NEBRASKA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 



(cap and tip tins) ; sterilize 16 minutes in hot water bath, 12 minutes 

 In water seal outfit, 10 minutes under 5 pounds of steam, or 4 minutes 

 in pressure cooker; remove jars, tighten cover, invert to cool. This 

 is a good method of utilizing the good portions of partially decayed 

 apples. 



Note: — The thin syrup mentioned in these receipts is made as 

 follows: One and-half cups of sugar to 1 cup of water brouglit to boil- 

 ing. — v. S. Dept. of \'iri .iiJiiire 



THE MENACE TO ORCHARDING. 



Prof. J. R. Cooper, University of Nebraska. 



Damages resulting in infection of Illinois or Blister Canker, in the 

 United States amounts to millions of dollars annually, and the loss is 

 constantly growing. Notwithstanding this fact, orchardists up to 

 Avithin the last few years paid very little attention to the disease. Even 

 now many men who should know better from experience believe there 

 is no danger from canker, while others who do know better desire 

 to have just as little said as possible about it for fear of discouraging 

 further planting. Here is one case however where it makes little 

 difference whether publicity is desired or not "Murder will out" and 

 I dare say there is not an orchard in the State of Nebraska that does 

 not show evidence of canker infection. The question has become 

 serious and demands consideration on the part of every man in the 

 state who owns or contemplates owning an orchard large or small. 



There sino reason howeve for becoming frightened or dis- 

 couraged and giving up the fight (rather refusing to fight). This 

 disease can be at least partially controlled in the old infected orchards 

 and by a united effort on the part of the grov/ers can be prevented 

 from gaining a foothold in the young orchards. 



As it is commonly used the term "canker" is applied to any 

 diseased condition of the bark or wood of a tree. In order to con- 

 trol any abnormal growth or condition, it is first necessary to find 

 the cause, the manner in which the infection — if such is the case — 

 takes place, and the manner of dissemination. In the present case 

 it is necessary to make a slight distinction between different apple tree 

 cankers. 



Named in the order of importance, the most destructive cankers 

 in the middle west are: Illinois or blister canker, bitter rot canker, 

 black rot canker and blotch canker. lu appearance and effect on the 

 trees they are somewhat similar, to the casual observer. Bitter rot 

 and black rot canker, however, seldom extend deeper than the bark 

 and blotch canker rarely or never attacks large limbs, while the 

 blister canker attacks both bark and heart wood of the large limbs 

 and trunk and is the most difficult to control. The last named dis- 

 ease differs from the others in that it attacks only the tree while the 

 others attack both tree and fruit. It is much more prevalent than the 



