212 NEBJIASKA STATE IIOIITICULTUUAL SOCIETY 



In bulletin :5(!1 by (lie New York experiiiiciU station llic authors 

 liohl that I'roiu (svidence to be had the Iruitgrower is sale in assum- 

 ing that for practical purposes varieties of apples do not degenerate 

 and neither do they change for Iho better. Our observation leads us 

 to conchKif^ thai the waning; of i»opularily of certain varieties that 

 were favorites twenty or thirty yt^ars ago iia.-i been due to fungus and 

 insect erHMnies in many cases rather than to the inferiority or inad- 

 ai)til)ility of the varieties. 



The lirst trees planted iu Nebraska gVew into i)earin^; and bore 

 fruit for a nunii)er of years before* any of the new serious fungous 

 diseases and insects wcn'e known in this section. Ten or twelve years 

 ago when the "apple scab was doing so much damage in eastern 

 Nebraska and before science had worked out a way of controlling 

 this disease the Winesaj) was un|)roli(able. Several years in succes- 

 sion "scab" was so injurious on this variety in W'asliington county 

 oi'chards that no! only the fruit was worthless but the trees were 

 being weakened and l<ilied. Some planters wei'c classing this 

 \ariety with the "has-beens" and eliminated it in planting new 

 oi'chards. Itnt when scab |)reventative measures began to be practiced 

 the Winesap "cam(> back." 



The W'liile W'inlei- I'earniain was another variet\- that was a 

 favorite with some of the early i)lantei's but has lost ground until it 

 has not been considered at all recently. It is also quite susceptible 

 to fungus and undoubtedly would now do nunli better since practical 

 means of conlrolling fungus may be practiced. It is not. however, a 

 standard at its best and should be planted only in a limiteil way. 



TiiK ( .\i:i-; OK sim:i\(; sior ruinos .wd ri,.\NTs. 



W . I). \\aiia((v 



Trees and plants r'e(|uii-e careliil atteiilimi We have lOund it 

 good to wrap the nunks of ne\vly set trees willi heavy elotli, burlap, 

 heavy paper oi' (>ven coi'nstalks. In the iiurser's row. trees shade and 

 l)rotect each other, but when transplanted into orchards and exposed 

 to the full powci' of the sun and wind, the bark often (lri(>s out and 

 sunburns. Trans|)lanle(l trees, as a result, are often attacked at 

 this time by a tlat-In-aded borei-. 



-Xnything that hastens root (lev<'loi)ement increas(\s the prob- 

 ability of vigorous f;rowlli before the extreme beat of summer Fre- 

 (|uenl cultivation of the soil develops speedv cell and I'ool formation, 

 as well as conserving moisture. Small fiiiits should be ctiltivated 

 twice a wetdv and it is well to cultivate orcliards at least six times 

 monthly during the lirst IhrtM' uiontbs prt)vided, of coui'se, th.if the 

 cultivation does not inleiftMi* with the root system. 



(Jrapevine for planting should be cut back to four buds Two 

 canes are really enough for the first season, but four buds guard 

 against accident. In very dry and windy springs it is advantageous 



