PKOGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 613 



The abovo outline is Ijiirly representative of the study of rural eco- 

 nomics in the Institute Nationale Aoionoiuiciue, which stands at the 

 head of the French system of ai4-ricultural schools and the three 

 national schools of ag-riculture at Grignon, Kennes, and Montpellier. 

 The supervision of these institutions is centralized in the ministry of 

 agriculture, and the courses given in the studies common to all these 

 schools are in general quite uniform. 



The following outline represents the course as taught in the practical 

 schools of agriculture, which are of a lower grade than the institutions 

 ahove mentioned: 



Elements of jjulitical evo)iom!/.—'Dei\nit'nms: Wealth, labor, property, capital, ex- 

 change, value, price, money, credit, and banks. Markets. Lines of transportation. 

 Commerce, domestic and foreign. Wages, imposts, population, theory of Malthus. 



Elementiiof rural economy.— Factors oitigr'u'nhuTaljiroductkm. Land. Rent. Esti- 

 mating landed property values. Capital in agriculture. System of farming. Renting 

 for cash and on shares. Farms in charge of managers. Agricultural labor. Hand 

 la])or. Animal labor. Machines. Live stock and its economic relation. Principal 

 systems of farming followed in France. Agricultural statistics of France. 



Elements of rural legislation. — Distinction of property: Real estate, personal prop- 

 erty, property rights. Marking and establi.shing Ixiundaries. Fences. Party prop- 

 erty and party rights. Planting. Buihiing. Rights of passage. Farm rents. 



Sales: Guaranties, exchanges, loans, mortgages. Societies. Syndicates. Mutual 

 insurance. Culture of tobai-co (in France under the direct supervision of the State). 

 Destruction and protection of crops. Domestic animals, etc. 



Adulteration of products. Various laws of interest to the farm. 



In the French granunar schools in which a course in agriculture is 

 given the following topics are considered in connection with the 

 study of rural economy: 



Landed property. — Division of the land. Proper means to prevent ita incon- 

 veniences. Societies and meetings. Laige, medium, and small farms. 



Methods of man(t(ie)nent. — Personal direction and direction by manager. Renting 

 for cash. Renting on shares. Rents. Proper metliods to protect the interests of 

 renters and proprietors. Farm laborers. Wages. Methods to remedy the depopu- 

 lation of country districts. Utility of good roads. Assistance given by the State. 



Agricultural mutualitii. — Agricultural credit. 



Agricultural institutions.— Coink-aa. Societies. Syndicates. Agricultural instruc- 

 tion. Agronomic institute. National schools of agriculture. Practical schools of 

 agriculture. Farm schools. Dei)artmental i)rofessors of agriculture. 



IMrihutioii. of production. — Agricultural statistics of France. Production and con- 

 sumption. Imports and e.xjKjrts. Countries fnjin which imported— products and 

 quantities. Countries to which France exports its agricultural products — kinds and 

 (|uantities. Agricultural statistics of the department; brief general review of the 

 agricultural situation of the department; crops, stock, implements, capital for 

 running e.\i)enses, etc. Production, consumption, imports, exports. Progress to be 

 realized. 



In many of the French schools the subject of agricultural book- 

 keeping is not included in rural economy, ))ut is taught .separately. 



