Fungous Flora of the Soil ' 471 



less uneven white and felty growth ; on wort-gelatin it takes on a chocolate- 

 brown coloration after long standing. Characteristic is the velvet-like 

 appearance of the culture on soHd media. This is brought about by the 

 numerous hyphs arising together to form coremia, on whose tips the 

 budding cells become separated. 



Spores depressed globose, 3.5-8^ in diameter, mostly four in a cell; 

 with germination the exospore opens with usually two unequally great 

 valves, which remain connected and often remain attached to the spore 

 for a long time. The exospore with sulfuric and several other mineral 

 acids takes on a rose coloration. Cardinal points for sporulation, min- 

 imum 5-8° C, optimum 25-28° C, maximum 34.5-35° C. The spores 

 possess a great resistance even against concentrated sulfuric acid. The 

 yeast ferments dextrose, fructose, galactose, and maltose, not, however, 

 saccharose and lactose. 



Hab. Found in the soil of a grass field in the northern Alps, Switzer- 

 land. Kohl, 1. c. 



Willia saturnus Klocker. Kohl, F. G., Die Hefepilze, 285. fig. 4j. 1908. 

 I Syn. Saccharomyces saturnus Klocker. 



Cells globose or ellipsoidal, seldom elongated, mostly 4-6/x long. The 

 rapidly appearing mold membrane (kahmhaut) is white and wrinkled. 

 The temperature limits for budding are, minimum 2-4° C, maximum 35- 

 37° C. Spores are more or less regularly lemon-shaped, with a border 

 from tip to tip, which resembles a picture of Saturn - — hence the name 

 saturnus — about 3m long, with a strong refrangible globose body in the 

 center. Cardinal points for sporulation, minimum 4-7° C, optimum on 

 gypsum block 25° C, maximum 28-31° C. Ferments dextrose, fructose, 

 rafhnose, and saccharose; does not ferment maltose and lactose. 



Hab. Found in the soil of the Himalaya Mountains, also later this 

 species or a very closely related species was found in Denmark and in 

 Italy. Kohl, 1. c, 285. No mention is made as to who found the species 

 in the soil. 



Willia anomala Hansen. Kohl, F. G., Die Hefepilze, 284. j^g. 42. 1908. 

 Syn. Saccharomyces anomala Hansen. 



Cells small, oval, occasionally elongated, external morphology resembles 

 Torula more than Saccharomyces, vacuolate, with vacuole granules. 

 Nucleus relatively small, o.8iu. Nuclear membrane visible. In the course 

 of development glycogen vacuoles arise either in the middle of the cell 

 or at each pole. In beer wort, fermentation begins soon after inoculation 

 as well with ordinary temperature as at 25° C. In the beginning of 

 fermentation there is produced a matty gray mold-hke membrane (kahm- 

 haut). During fermentation the fluid becomes turbid and a plain 

 odor of fruit ether is manifest. The temperature limits of budding are, 

 •0.5-1° C. minimum, 37-38° C maximum. 



