No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231 



have the capacity, even in its liill iiddei- for that amount of milk 

 made. In other worded the niillc they make in the process of the milk- 

 ing operation would appear to be more than the udder could possibly 

 hold at any one time. 



PLAIN FACTS AIJOUT COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. 



By Dr. W. II. JOUDAN, Dirtclur oj the N. Y. Experiment Station. 



The trade in commercial feeding stuffs is largely of recent develop- 

 ment. It is a trade complex in its features and requires for the prop- 

 er understanding of it a great variety of information. In earlier 

 times only the cereal grains in their entire condition were found in 

 commerce; now by-products from a number of manufacturing opera- 

 tions, which consist of parts of various seeds, including oil seeds and 

 farm grains, are found in the markets. For instance, we have re- 

 fuses from the manufacture of oil, the manufacture of starch and 

 glucose, the manufacture of spiritous liquors, the manufacture of 

 breakfast foods, and so on. Such refuses generally differ from the 

 seeds from which they w^ere derived in showing a concentration of 

 certain parts or compounds of the seed because of a withdrawal of 

 certain other parts or compounds. Many of these offals have an un- 

 doubted value for feeders of all classes of farm animals. Indeed, 

 some of the by-product commercial feeding stuffs have equal or 

 greater value than the original seeds from which they were produced. 

 At the same time these by-products have a greatly unequal value, 

 some of them being almost worthless and others possessing the 

 highest quality. Until one of these feeds is investigated as to its 

 composition and utility for various kinds of feeding, it is an uncer- 

 tain quantity. It requires, therefore, on the part of the consumer 

 a constant watchfulness and search for information concerning the 

 newer products which are offered in the markets. One fact which 

 renders watchfulness and an intelligent understanding of the feeding 

 stuff market so essential, is the numerous mixtures of the various 

 bj'-product materials which manufacturers are constantly compound- 

 ing as a means either of disposing of their manufactured by-products 

 or of making a low cost feed which can be sold at a larger profit than 

 the standard articles. 



These numerous feeding stuff's will be found to differ in two ways, 

 (1) in composition and (2) in digestibility. To illustrate, linseed meal 

 contains a large proportion of protein and a minor proportion of the 

 non-nitrogenous compounds, while hominy feed contains practically 

 no more protein than corn meal and a very large percentage of the 



