Rewards and Satisfactions 145 



go where the opportunity for productive work may be great- 

 est. This, in turn, makes it possible for the academic com- 

 munity to exchange personnel in a flexible and progressive 

 way. Industrial and especially government laboratories 

 often develop rather static and rigid structures, in part 

 because of the nature of their pension and tenure arrange- 

 ments. 



To complete the financial picture, many scientists add to 

 their regular salaries by collecting royalties on monographs 

 and textbooks. Many who hold academic appointments also 

 collect special consulting fees from industry or government, 

 but ordinarily industrial and government scientists are not 

 allowed to supplement their income in this way. It is in 

 fact somewhat of an anomaly that the university scientist 

 who is theoretically the most completely dedicated to the 

 pure pursuit of knowledge is most often found selling his 

 services for extra pay. Often this extra work is taken on 

 at considerable sacrifice not of the scientist's own leisure 

 time but of time which he ought to be giving to his univer- 

 sity duties. A few institutions have tried to stem the tide 

 of this advancing wave of commercialization by adopting 

 a "full-time" principle, but few have been successful. No 

 one seriously objects to the collection of royalties for books 

 which grow out of a scientist's professional work. Such fees 

 have long been regarded as part of the scholar's regular 

 income. In point of fact, they represent a sort of extra 

 bonus for doing what one is supposed to be doing anyway. 

 In most cases, royalty income is modest in size, but a really 

 successful textbook can bring its author a fortune of several 

 hundred thousand dollars. 



Consultation fees from industry raise several rather diffi- 

 cult questions, and at present they constitute a substantial 

 part of the incomes of many faculty members, especially in 

 engineering schools. Some people may spend as much as 



