RwRAL School Leaflet. 995 



by relatively low and thin shoulders. The height of the animal at the 

 hips is from one-half to one and one-half inches greater than at the 

 shoulders. The wedge-shaped appearance is increased by a large and 

 pendulous abdomen and by a large and well-developed udder. 



In the best beef animal, even when not fully fattened, the whole 

 body is thickly and smoothly covered with flesh (muscle) so that the 

 angles of the bones are nowhere prominent. This is seen particularly 

 over the upper portion of the ribs immediately back of the shoulder, 

 on the loins, in the thighs, and on the shoulder. The neck is short and 

 blends smoothly into the shoulder and the whole body has a rounded 

 appearance. 



In the dairy animal, the lack of muscular development gives rise to 

 a spare angular appearance. The angles and joints of the bones are 

 prominent, particularly in the pelvis and the spinous processes. This 

 does not mean that the animal is poor or emaciated, for there may be 

 abundant fat as indicated by a soft, pliable skin, and by rolls of fat in 

 the fold of the skin in the flanks, and still the animal may present this 

 spare appearance. 



In the dairy type, the udder is, of course, much larger and fuller 

 than in the beef type, and the so-called " milk veins " stand out prom- 

 inently on the abdomen, extending well forward to the chest. In the 

 beef type, not only is the udder small and comparatively insignificant, 

 but the exterior veins leading from it are small and more or less embedded 

 in the surrounding muscular and fatty tissue. 



II 



Sojne New York Dairy Statistics 



R. A. Pearso.m 



Few persons realize how great is the dairy industry of New York 

 State. The last census tells us that in 1899 there were 1,501,608 cows 

 on New York farms. If these were arranged like a column of soldiers 

 standing ten abreast in a line and the lines close together, the column 

 would reach from Buffalo to Albany. The value in one year of the milk 

 produced by these cows or the products made from their milk is, in 

 round numbers, $55,000,000 — more than the value of the same pro- 

 ducts for any other state, and equal to about three-fourths of the total 

 value of the gold mined in the United States in one year. 



