i2o6 The Cornell Reading-Courses 



3 Study of unfamiliar and seldom noticed fruits, such as those of the 



hackberry, sassafras, tupelo, and cucumber trees. 



4 Dispersal of fruits by birds and animals; manner of dispersal of fruits 



that are inedible, such as those of the ash, elm, birch, and maple. 



Tfie evergreens, or conifers 



1 How these differ from other kinds of trees: in their ways of growth; in 



their foliage, flowers, and fruit. 



2 Pine needles: difference in length, size, and stiffness in the different 



species, and also the differing number of needles in a sheath or bundle. 



3 Other conifers: hemlock, spruce, fir, cedar, and the larch, or tamarack; 



how to recognize each from the character of its leaves. 



4 The fruits: whether maturing in one year or in two years, and the 



identification of species by their help. 



Uses of trees in the industries 



1 Observe, during the household work of one day, all the various articles 



used or handled in the accomplishment of this work, which are made 

 of wood or produced by trees. 



2 Learn something, if possible, about the kind and the amount of timber 



used in making charcoal and gunpowder; in the paper-pulp industry; 

 in distilling wood alcohol and producing tar and turpentine ; to furnish 

 tannin either from leaves or bark; also for the making of apparently 

 insignificant things, such as matches, lead pencils, and spools. 



3 Number of agricultural tools for some part of which wood is necessary; 



the lack of care that many farmers give to such tools for their preserva- 

 tion and long efficiency. 



4 The unnecessary use of wood in building and in many industries where 



more lasting materials would be more serviceable and economical. 



The farmer's interest in tree growing 



1 Value of trees to the land merely as objects of beauty. 



2 Trees a paying investment when planted along roadsides, on the banks 



of every stream, around the borders of fields, and on all hillsides 

 so steep as to be difficult of cultivation. 



3 Trees a benefit to any locality in keeping the atmosphere pure, temper- 



ing the heat and the cold, and conserving mxoisture; why the shade of 

 orchard or wood is so much cooler than are shadows cast by buildings. 



4 Value to certain crops of sheltering windbreaks; " living fences " better 



than some other kinds. 



