Lysimeter Experiments 



19 



of fineness. He concluded that: (1) the finer the particles, the less is 

 the percentage percolation; (2) there is more percolation thru a crumbly 

 soil than thru one with a separate grain structure; (3) there is more per- 

 colation thru a loose soil than thru a compact soil; (4) the presence of 

 stones increases percolation; (5) percolation is greatest thru sand, next 

 thru peat, and least thru loam. 



TABLE 7. Results of Experiments in the Percolation of Rainfall thru Soil, as 



Summarized by Wollny 



Observer 



Dalton 



Dickinson . 

 Charnock. . 

 Greaves. . . . 

 Greaves. . . , 

 Gilbert 



Maurice. . . 



Risler 



Mollendorf . 

 Moilendorf . 

 Mollendorf . 

 Mollendorf . 

 Mollendorf . 



Pfaff 



Woldrich . . . 



Woldrich . . . 



Woldrich . . . 



Eberniayer . 



Place 



Manchester, England. 

 .\bbotshill, England. . 

 Holnifield, England. . 

 Lee Bridge, England. 

 Lee Bridge, England. 

 Rothamsted, England 



Geneva, Switzerland 

 Caleves, Switzerland 

 Gorlitz, Germany.. 

 Gorlitz, Germany. . 

 Gorlitz, Germany.. 

 Tharand, Germany 

 Tharand, Germany 

 Erlangen, Germany. 

 Salzburg, Germany . 



Salzburg, Germany ... 



OberdobUng, Germany 

 Munich, Germany .... 



Kind of soil 



Not known . . . 

 Sandy loam . . . 

 Dolomite soil . 



Sand 



Loamy sand . . 

 Heavy loam and 



clay 



Not known . . . 



Clay 



Clay 



Loam 



Sandy loam. . . 



Clay 



Loam 



Sand 



Sandy loam and 



clay 



Sandy loam and 



clay ; . 



Loam 



Not known . . . 



Crop 



Grass 

 Grass 

 Grass 

 None 

 Grass 



None 



V 



With. 

 None 

 None. 

 None 

 With. 

 With 

 None 



With. 



None 

 None 

 None 



Depth 

 of soil 

 (centi- 

 meters) 



91.4 

 91.4 

 91.4 

 91.4 

 91.4 



101.6 



120.0 

 125.0 

 12.5.0 

 125.0 

 125.0 

 125.0 

 63.0 



03.0 



03 . 

 12(i.4 

 110.7 



RainfaU 



(milh- 



meters) 



827 

 659 

 625 

 653 

 653 



788 

 660 

 1 , 0.50 

 652 

 652 

 652 

 739 

 739 



768 



768 

 654 



865 



Drainage 



(per cent of 



rainfall) 



25.1 

 42.3 

 19.6 

 83.2 

 26.6 



43.4 

 39.0 

 28.0 

 28.1 

 41.0 

 40.5 

 40.8 

 58.7 

 43.0 



33.9 



64.2 

 32.8 

 53.0 



Eberniayer (1890) conducted experiments at Munich in concrete tanks, 

 each of which had an area of 4 square meters and a depth of 120 centi- 

 meters. There were five tanks, each of which was filled with a different 

 soil and none of which were cropped. The soils used were (1) a whitish 

 gray gravelly quartz sand, (2) a red fine-grained quartz sand, (3) a friable 

 loam, (4) a limestone sand with nearly half its particles over 2 millimeters 

 in diameter, and (5) dark muck. Observations were made on the rainfall 

 and on the volume of drainage water for the four years from 1881 to 1884. 

 The average yearly rainfall for the period was 131.6 millimeters, or 51.8 

 inches. The percentage percolation was as follows: Lysimeter no. 1, 

 85 per cent; no. 2, 107 per cent; no. 3, 94 per cent; no. 4, 43 per cent; 

 no. 5, 39 per cent. The excess of percolate over rainfall in lysimeter 

 no. 2, Ebermayer accounts for by presuming a condensation of atmospheric 



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