32 N'i:\V YORK STATE MrSKTM 



preceding- suggestions, will find a large measure of relief from 

 the lly nuisance, if the manure is stored in tight, practically fly 

 proof cellars, such as can be easily constructed with the modern 

 concrete foundation. Flies breed but little in darkness, and the 

 writer has known of barns comparatively free from flies, simply 

 because the manure was storetl in the darker parts of a large 

 barn cellar. 



The treatment of manure described above should be supple- 

 mented by care in preventing the accumulation about the premises, 

 c f decaying organic matter such as fruit, table scraps, etc. Swill 

 barrels should always be provided wnth tig^ht covers and care ex- 

 ercised that there be no leakage or an accumulation of fly-breeding 

 material about the barrel. The old-fashioned box privy should be 

 abolished unless the same be conducted on the earth closet prin- 

 ciple and the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so as 

 to prevent both the breeding and infection of flies. The modern 

 v.'ater-closet is by far the best and safest solution of this last 

 named difficulty. The presence of numerous flies about the dwell- 

 ing may be construed as indicating a nearby, usually easily elim- 

 inated breeding place. 



It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist 

 in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions. 

 They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use 

 of window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of 

 Tanglefoot or other sticky fly paper. This, though somewhat dis- 

 agreeable, is nuich to be preferred to the use of poisonous prep- 

 arations which are likely to result in dead flies dropping into 

 food. Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist of South 

 Africa, suggests, in addition to the above, putting fresh pyrethrum 

 powder ujxjn window sills and supplementing this by the judicious 

 use of an insect net. 



Bibliography 



The following bibliography comprises most of the more import- 

 ant literature relating to the life history and habits of the house fly 

 and its part in the dissemination of various diseases affecting man. 



1869 Packard, A. S. Am. Nat. 2:638-40 

 Observationi on the anatDmy and life history. 



1873 On the Transformations of the Common House Fly, with 



Notes on Allied Forms. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 16:136-50. 



A detailed account of the life history and of the anatomy of the early stages, with Irief 

 notices of allied spscies. 



